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<p>Ensuring the sustainability and availability of clean water is a priority, especially in the case of textile pollution, such as that caused by methylene blue (MB). MB is a difficult-to-decompose dye that can cause severe environmental problems and health problems such as cancer and skin diseases. As a solution, we used different ball milling times (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 28, 32, and 48 h) to produce non-uniform Cu strains, and then composited them with activated carbon (AC) through a mechanical mixing strategy. Material characterization using XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET, and UV–Vis, which showed changes in <i>d-spacing</i>, C-H vibration shifts, increased <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10854_2025_15805_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\varepsilon }_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, surface pit-shaped traps, and consistent <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10854_2025_15805_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({p}_{d}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mi>d</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> have a Linear relationship with improving photocatalytic performance. Kinetic analysis follows a pseudo-first-order model with a kinetic rate constant of 0.957 min<sup>−1</sup>. The AC/Cu composite (4 h) achieved 90.35% MB degradation within 15-min after irradiation using 1 g of catalyst, demonstrating significant performance enhancement. This study highlights a scalable and straightforward strategy to engineer metal–carbon composites with tunable properties for effective wastewater treatment.</p>

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Novel strategies to sustainable water treatment utilizing strain-engineered AC/Cu composites through ball milling for enhanced photocatalytic applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月29日

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  • Sri Suryani,
  • Fatma Syam,
  • Dahlang Tahir,
  • Restu Widiatmono,
  • Heryanto Heryanto

摘要

Ensuring the sustainability and availability of clean water is a priority, especially in the case of textile pollution, such as that caused by methylene blue (MB). MB is a difficult-to-decompose dye that can cause severe environmental problems and health problems such as cancer and skin diseases. As a solution, we used different ball milling times (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 28, 32, and 48 h) to produce non-uniform Cu strains, and then composited them with activated carbon (AC) through a mechanical mixing strategy. Material characterization using XRD, FTIR, SEM, BET, and UV–Vis, which showed changes in d-spacing, C-H vibration shifts, increased \({\varepsilon }_{2}\) ε 2 , surface pit-shaped traps, and consistent \({p}_{d}\) p d have a Linear relationship with improving photocatalytic performance. Kinetic analysis follows a pseudo-first-order model with a kinetic rate constant of 0.957 min−1. The AC/Cu composite (4 h) achieved 90.35% MB degradation within 15-min after irradiation using 1 g of catalyst, demonstrating significant performance enhancement. This study highlights a scalable and straightforward strategy to engineer metal–carbon composites with tunable properties for effective wastewater treatment.