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<p>Ecological (Ba<sub>0.9</sub>Sr<sub>0.1</sub>)Ti<sub>1-x</sub>Zr<sub>x</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (BSTZ) ceramics (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) were synthesized via solid-state reaction&#xa0;method, targeting low-level Zr<sup>4</sup>⁺ doping to induce relaxor behavior and improve dielectric stability. X-ray diffraction&#xa0;(XRD) confirmed a stable pseudocubic perovskite phase (JCPDS# 31–174, 86–1569) across all compositions, with no secondary phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed uniform grain morphology and reduced grain size with increasing Zr content, indicating effective grain boundary pinning. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of Ba, Sr, Ti, Zr, O, and trace C, validating compositional homogeneity. Notably, increasing Zr<sup>4</sup>⁺ doping led to a gradual decrease in dielectric constant (ε<sub>r</sub>), broadening of the dielectric peak, and a shift of Tₘ from 125 to 110&#xa0;℃, signaling the emergence of relaxor-type diffused phase transitions. The dielectric loss (tan δ) decreased with frequency, while deviation from Curie–Weiss behavior confirmed diffuse transition dynamics. AC conductivity analysis revealed a transition from Mott-type hopping to Arrhenius behavior around 375&#xa0;℃, with two distinct conductivity plateaus observed at x = 0.04. The two plateaus are likely related to both<b>:</b> Defect-related short- and long-range conduction, and oxygen vacancy dynamics<b>,</b> which become mobile at high temperatures.</p>

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Structural and electrical properties of (Ba0.9Sr0.1)Ti1-xZrxO3 ceramics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月16日

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  • Irfan Akhtar,
  • Amir Ullah,
  • Sapna Qazi,
  • Aman Ullah,
  • Muhammad Imtiaz,
  • Aurang Zeb

摘要

Ecological (Ba0.9Sr0.1)Ti1-xZrxO3 (BSTZ) ceramics (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.04) were synthesized via solid-state reaction method, targeting low-level Zr4⁺ doping to induce relaxor behavior and improve dielectric stability. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed a stable pseudocubic perovskite phase (JCPDS# 31–174, 86–1569) across all compositions, with no secondary phases. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed uniform grain morphology and reduced grain size with increasing Zr content, indicating effective grain boundary pinning. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of Ba, Sr, Ti, Zr, O, and trace C, validating compositional homogeneity. Notably, increasing Zr4⁺ doping led to a gradual decrease in dielectric constant (εr), broadening of the dielectric peak, and a shift of Tₘ from 125 to 110 ℃, signaling the emergence of relaxor-type diffused phase transitions. The dielectric loss (tan δ) decreased with frequency, while deviation from Curie–Weiss behavior confirmed diffuse transition dynamics. AC conductivity analysis revealed a transition from Mott-type hopping to Arrhenius behavior around 375 ℃, with two distinct conductivity plateaus observed at x = 0.04. The two plateaus are likely related to both: Defect-related short- and long-range conduction, and oxygen vacancy dynamics, which become mobile at high temperatures.