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<p>This study demonstrates zinc-ferrite thin film as an optical saturable absorber (SA) element inside a functioning erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) in a passively Q-switched mode. The solution method approach was used&#xa0;to synthesize a PVA-based zinc-ferrite thin film. The composition,&#xa0;morphology, and structure of the synthesized zinc-ferrite SA&#xa0; were evaluated by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX),&#xa0;field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The nonlinear optical characteristics predicted the modulation depth of the prepared SA around 6.2%, nonsaturable absorber losses of 17.8%, and the saturation intensity value of 30.69&#xa0;MW/cm<sup>2</sup>. Incorporating zinc-ferrite thin film SA within the optical cavity generates a Q-switching performance within a range of input power from 49.28 to 369.16 mW. It has been noticed that the highest input power of 369.16 mW, the lowest pulse width of 5.35&#xa0;µs, the highest repetition rates of 89.73&#xa0;kHz, and the maximum output power of 0.63 mW were attained. The recorded radio-frequency (RF) spectra yield the highest ~ 50&#xa0;dB of single-to-noise ratio, indicating excellent stability of the proposed system. Additionally, we measured a zinc-ferrite SA damage threshold (&gt; 369.16 mW) and long-term stability (≈ 4&#xa0;h.), indicating the thermal robustness of the proposed SA. To further support the experimental findings, theoretical simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) are employed to examine the bandgap and optical properties of the zinc-ferrite thin film&#xa0;SA. This work reflects the potential applications of zinc-ferrite in pulsed laser systems and its capabilities for advancing laser technology and the domain of photonics.</p>

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Thermally robust Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser based on zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) saturable absorber: experimental analysis and DFT calculations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月14日

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  • Nagina Bibi,
  • Shahid Sadiq,
  • T. A. Alrebdi,
  • Javed Iqbal,
  • M. Aslam Baig,
  • Haroon Asghar

摘要

This study demonstrates zinc-ferrite thin film as an optical saturable absorber (SA) element inside a functioning erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) in a passively Q-switched mode. The solution method approach was used to synthesize a PVA-based zinc-ferrite thin film. The composition, morphology, and structure of the synthesized zinc-ferrite SA  were evaluated by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, respectively. The nonlinear optical characteristics predicted the modulation depth of the prepared SA around 6.2%, nonsaturable absorber losses of 17.8%, and the saturation intensity value of 30.69 MW/cm2. Incorporating zinc-ferrite thin film SA within the optical cavity generates a Q-switching performance within a range of input power from 49.28 to 369.16 mW. It has been noticed that the highest input power of 369.16 mW, the lowest pulse width of 5.35 µs, the highest repetition rates of 89.73 kHz, and the maximum output power of 0.63 mW were attained. The recorded radio-frequency (RF) spectra yield the highest ~ 50 dB of single-to-noise ratio, indicating excellent stability of the proposed system. Additionally, we measured a zinc-ferrite SA damage threshold (> 369.16 mW) and long-term stability (≈ 4 h.), indicating the thermal robustness of the proposed SA. To further support the experimental findings, theoretical simulations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) are employed to examine the bandgap and optical properties of the zinc-ferrite thin film SA. This work reflects the potential applications of zinc-ferrite in pulsed laser systems and its capabilities for advancing laser technology and the domain of photonics.