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<p>In response to the critical need for high-performance epoxy adhesives in underwater repair and engineering, this study prepared a novel Mannich base to serve as a curing agent for modified epoxy resin systems. The Mannich base was synthesized via the condensation reaction of nonylphenol, paraformaldehyde, and triethylenetetramine, incorporating both strongly hydrophilic groups and rigid benzene rings into its molecular structure to facilitate efficient penetration and rapid curing in aquatic environments. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the strong hydrophilicity of the Mannich base allowed it to effectively displace the water film on the surface of the substrate, while its active amine groups can react with epoxy groups in an aqueous environment, forming a dense, stable cross-linked network. The resulting Mannich base compound allowed for effective underwater curing of the epoxy resin. The cured adhesive exhibited curing rates exceeding 87% under all applied conditions. Based on this curing agent, the prepared underwater adhesive could achieve curing and bonding at room temperature in an underwater environment, with a bonding strength of up to 4.32&#xa0;MPa, demonstrating its capability for effective adhesion in underwater conditions. This work provides a promising new approach for the synthesis of curing agents with broad potential for applications in marine engineering, hydraulic infrastructure repair, and other related fields.</p> Graphical abstract <p>A novel nonylphenol-based Mannich amine curing agent (1-OH-TETA) was synthesized for underwater epoxy adhesives. It effectively displaced interfacial water and enabled rapid curing in aqueous environments. The resulting adhesive achieved a strong underwater bond strength of 4.32 MPa, demonstrating excellent water resistance and durability for marine and hydraulic engineering applications.</p>

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Development of a nonylphenol-based Mannich base curing agent for high-performance underwater epoxy adhesives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月4日

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  • Daoxiang Zhao,
  • Ning Ma,
  • Changwei Liu,
  • Gang Li,
  • Baojun Cui,
  • Shuai Zheng,
  • Junjun Song,
  • Jie Yang,
  • Ming Du,
  • Alaa S. Abd-El-Aziz

摘要

In response to the critical need for high-performance epoxy adhesives in underwater repair and engineering, this study prepared a novel Mannich base to serve as a curing agent for modified epoxy resin systems. The Mannich base was synthesized via the condensation reaction of nonylphenol, paraformaldehyde, and triethylenetetramine, incorporating both strongly hydrophilic groups and rigid benzene rings into its molecular structure to facilitate efficient penetration and rapid curing in aquatic environments. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the strong hydrophilicity of the Mannich base allowed it to effectively displace the water film on the surface of the substrate, while its active amine groups can react with epoxy groups in an aqueous environment, forming a dense, stable cross-linked network. The resulting Mannich base compound allowed for effective underwater curing of the epoxy resin. The cured adhesive exhibited curing rates exceeding 87% under all applied conditions. Based on this curing agent, the prepared underwater adhesive could achieve curing and bonding at room temperature in an underwater environment, with a bonding strength of up to 4.32 MPa, demonstrating its capability for effective adhesion in underwater conditions. This work provides a promising new approach for the synthesis of curing agents with broad potential for applications in marine engineering, hydraulic infrastructure repair, and other related fields.

Graphical abstract

A novel nonylphenol-based Mannich amine curing agent (1-OH-TETA) was synthesized for underwater epoxy adhesives. It effectively displaced interfacial water and enabled rapid curing in aqueous environments. The resulting adhesive achieved a strong underwater bond strength of 4.32 MPa, demonstrating excellent water resistance and durability for marine and hydraulic engineering applications.