Abstract The magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) represents a promising and an affordable oncology treatment option, although the efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles to convert thermal energy at safe clinical frequencies is a major materials engineering problem. In the present work, we have described the design and assessment of a highly tuneable hyperthermia nanoplatform based on PEG- 2000 functionalized, Vanadium-doped magnetite, (VxFe3-xO4, where x = 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%). The resulting nanoparticles (with a diameter of around 20 nm) were synthesized through a controlled solvothermal reduction in one-pot and contain a lean polymeric layer (around 2–13 wt%) that makes the active inorganic core easily accessible to the exterior world without obstructing it. To confirm the formation of PEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the XPS spectra revealed the characteristic presence of carbon and iron signals attributed to the PEG coating and magnetite core, respectively. Macroscopic magnetic measurements at physiological temperature prove that localized V3+ substitution significantly alters the effective magnetic anisotropy of the inverse spinel lattice. It is important to note that the 3% V-doped formulation attains a maximized anisotropy (1.68 × 104 erg/cm3) to form a magnetic architecture with optimal Neel-relaxation dynamics. Importantly, field-dependent hyperthermia tests indicate that thermal dissipation is controlled by a competition between internal anisotropy and external Zeeman energy. The mathematically optimized anisotropy of the 3% V-doped formulation determines the Néel relaxation under low-field high-frequency conditions (6 mT, 935.6 kHz) giving the highest Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 129.70 W/g, while pristine cores dominate in high-field (10 mT) hysteresis regime conditions. Biologically, in-vitro experiments (MTT assay) using the cell lines of HepG2 and HEK293T proves a superior baseline biocompatibility and a safe therapeutic dose of 50 µg/mL. The intracellular fluorometric measurements indicate that higher concentrations result in massive, peroxidase-like ROS production. This structurally tunable, morphologically optimized nanoplatform can be a compelling, high-efficiency candidate to targeted, magnetically actuated, thermal ablation therapies. Graphical abstract

Biocompatible PEGylated vanadium-doped magnetite nano-architectures: enhanced anisotropy for magnetic fluid hyperthermia

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发表日期：

2026年7月25日

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Akshay Kumar,
Kamal Kumar,
Prateeksha Veena,
Nitin Kumar Singhal,
Sandeep Kumar

摘要

Abstract

The magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) represents a promising and an affordable oncology treatment option, although the efficiency of magnetic nanoparticles to convert thermal energy at safe clinical frequencies is a major materials engineering problem. In the present work, we have described the design and assessment of a highly tuneable hyperthermia nanoplatform based on PEG- 2000 functionalized, Vanadium-doped magnetite, (V_xFe_3-xO₄, where x = 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5%). The resulting nanoparticles (with a diameter of around 20 nm) were synthesized through a controlled solvothermal reduction in one-pot and contain a lean polymeric layer (around 2–13 wt%) that makes the active inorganic core easily accessible to the exterior world without obstructing it. To confirm the formation of PEG-coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, the XPS spectra revealed the characteristic presence of carbon and iron signals attributed to the PEG coating and magnetite core, respectively. Macroscopic magnetic measurements at physiological temperature prove that localized V³⁺ substitution significantly alters the effective magnetic anisotropy of the inverse spinel lattice. It is important to note that the 3% V-doped formulation attains a maximized anisotropy (1.68 × 10⁴ erg/cm³) to form a magnetic architecture with optimal Neel-relaxation dynamics. Importantly, field-dependent hyperthermia tests indicate that thermal dissipation is controlled by a competition between internal anisotropy and external Zeeman energy. The mathematically optimized anisotropy of the 3% V-doped formulation determines the Néel relaxation under low-field high-frequency conditions (6 mT, 935.6 kHz) giving the highest Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of 129.70 W/g, while pristine cores dominate in high-field (10 mT) hysteresis regime conditions. Biologically, in-vitro experiments (MTT assay) using the cell lines of HepG2 and HEK293T proves a superior baseline biocompatibility and a safe therapeutic dose of 50 µg/mL. The intracellular fluorometric measurements indicate that higher concentrations result in massive, peroxidase-like ROS production. This structurally tunable, morphologically optimized nanoplatform can be a compelling, high-efficiency candidate to targeted, magnetically actuated, thermal ablation therapies.

Graphical abstract