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<p>Self-healing hydrogels are promising dynamic bioinks, but their translation to vat photopolymerization remains limited by the need to combine network mobility, photocuring efficiency, dimensional stability, and mechanical reinforcement. This challenge is particularly relevant for bone-oriented biofabrication, where autonomous repair should be integrated with osteoconductive ceramic phases. Here, a sequentially crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl–polyvinyl alcohol (GelMA–PVA) hydrogel was developed as a material platform for bone-oriented biofabrication. In this system, the photocrosslinked GelMA network provided vat processability, while a post-printing PVA–borate dynamic network introduced self-healing and contributed to mechanical reinforcement. Hydroxyapatite incorporation further increased the mechanical response of the hydrogel, reaching compressive moduli higher than 60&#xa0;kPa under swollen conditions, within the range reported for hydrogel-based material platforms investigated for bone tissue engineering. Importantly, self-healing capability was preserved after ceramic reinforcement, and the healed interface retained substantial interfacial strength after repair. The hydroxyapatite-containing hydrogels were successfully processed by liquid crystal display (LCD)-based vat photopolymerization, showing good shape fidelity and enabling the fabrication of submillimetric positive features after optimization of the exposure time. Overall, this work demonstrates a light-processable self-healing hydrogel platform that integrates dynamic repair, mechanically relevant properties, and vat photopolymerization printability, providing a material strategy toward bone-oriented biofabrication.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A double crosslinked self-healing hydrogel for light-based bioprinting toward bone tissue engineering

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Luca Guida,
  • Giulia Sorcinelli,
  • Maria Rita Curto,
  • Marco Cavallaro,
  • Marinella Levi

摘要

Self-healing hydrogels are promising dynamic bioinks, but their translation to vat photopolymerization remains limited by the need to combine network mobility, photocuring efficiency, dimensional stability, and mechanical reinforcement. This challenge is particularly relevant for bone-oriented biofabrication, where autonomous repair should be integrated with osteoconductive ceramic phases. Here, a sequentially crosslinked gelatin methacryloyl–polyvinyl alcohol (GelMA–PVA) hydrogel was developed as a material platform for bone-oriented biofabrication. In this system, the photocrosslinked GelMA network provided vat processability, while a post-printing PVA–borate dynamic network introduced self-healing and contributed to mechanical reinforcement. Hydroxyapatite incorporation further increased the mechanical response of the hydrogel, reaching compressive moduli higher than 60 kPa under swollen conditions, within the range reported for hydrogel-based material platforms investigated for bone tissue engineering. Importantly, self-healing capability was preserved after ceramic reinforcement, and the healed interface retained substantial interfacial strength after repair. The hydroxyapatite-containing hydrogels were successfully processed by liquid crystal display (LCD)-based vat photopolymerization, showing good shape fidelity and enabling the fabrication of submillimetric positive features after optimization of the exposure time. Overall, this work demonstrates a light-processable self-healing hydrogel platform that integrates dynamic repair, mechanically relevant properties, and vat photopolymerization printability, providing a material strategy toward bone-oriented biofabrication.

Graphical Abstract