Novel strategy for the synthesis of highly crystalline intrinsically fluorescent zeolitic imidazolate frameworks with dual-mode emission for sensitive point-of-care detection of ferric ions
摘要
Conventional ZIFs possess excellent chemical stability, tunable porosity, and broad application potential, but their intrinsic fluorescence is limited. Existing fluorescence strategies often require doping or post-synthetic modification, increasing complexity. Here, we report a highly crystalline, intrinsically fluorescent ZIF-8 (FZIF-8) synthesized without doping or chemical functionalization, offering a simple route to luminescent frameworks. The synthesized FZIF-8 exhibited well-defined faceted morphologies, predominantly rhombic dodecahedral and cube-like structures, with particle sizes ranging from 2 to 6 μm. Notably, FZIF-8 showed stable blue fluorescence under UV light and dual-state emission behavior in both solution and solid forms. This intrinsic luminescence enabled its direct application as a fluorescence probe for selective Fe3+ detection through fluorescence quenching. The sensor demonstrated high specificity toward Fe3+ over competing metal ions, with a low detection limit of 0.035 μM (0.15 μM using a smartphone platform) and broad linear ranges of 1–160 μM (5–200 μM for smartphone-based measurements). The probe performed reliably in real samples including mint, spinach, black beans, human serum, and tap water, achieving satisfactory recoveries (98.1–102.6%) and low relative standard deviations, confirming excellent accuracy and precision. This study introduces a simple, intrinsically fluorescent FZIF-8 material that eliminates the need for doping or functionalization while maintaining strong sensing performance. Its natural luminescent properties, high selectivity, and compatibility with smartphone-based analysis make it a promising platform for portable, on-site detection of ferric ions in food, biological, and environmental systems. More broadly, this work demonstrates a practical strategy for designing inherently functional ZIF materials and expands their potential for sensing environmentally important analytes.
Graphical abstract