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<p>A Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/reduced graphene oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/rGO) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal route using graphene oxide and iron (III) chloride as precursors, enabling the in situ growth and uniform anchoring of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles on conductive rGO sheets. The structural, morphological, and surface properties of the obtained material were comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results confirmed the presence of the crystalline phase of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, the effective reduction of GO, strong interfacial interaction between Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and rGO, and significantly improved charge-transfer kinetics. The Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward ranitidine (RAN) and ornidazole (ORN), providing well-resolved reduction peaks for their simultaneous determination. Under optimized conditions, linear responses were obtained in a wide linear range of 5.416–228&#xa0;µM with low detection limits of 0.277&#xa0;µM for RAN and 5.464–230&#xa0;µM with LOD of 0.499&#xa0;µM for ORN. The sensor demonstrated good selectivity against common interfering species, satisfactory repeatability, and acceptable stability. The practical applicability of the proposed method was validated by analyzing three commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison with HPLC revealed no significant difference at the 95% confidence level. This work highlights the synergistic integration of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and rGO as an effective strategy for constructing high-performance electrochemical platforms for simultaneous pharmaceutical analysis.</p>

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Electrochemical determination of ranitidine and ornidazole in pharmaceutical formulations using a Fe2O3/rGO nanocomposite-modified electrode

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月10日

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  • Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
  • Nguyen Duc Hong,
  • Hoang Ho Thuy Duong,
  • Nguyen Hai Phong,
  • Nguyen Duc Vu Quyen,
  • Pham Thang Long,
  • Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
  • Le Thi Hong Phong,
  • Dinh Quang Khieu

摘要

A Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide (Fe2O3/rGO) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal route using graphene oxide and iron (III) chloride as precursors, enabling the in situ growth and uniform anchoring of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on conductive rGO sheets. The structural, morphological, and surface properties of the obtained material were comprehensively characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results confirmed the presence of the crystalline phase of Fe2O3, the effective reduction of GO, strong interfacial interaction between Fe2O3 and rGO, and significantly improved charge-transfer kinetics. The Fe2O3/rGO-modified glassy carbon electrode exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward ranitidine (RAN) and ornidazole (ORN), providing well-resolved reduction peaks for their simultaneous determination. Under optimized conditions, linear responses were obtained in a wide linear range of 5.416–228 µM with low detection limits of 0.277 µM for RAN and 5.464–230 µM with LOD of 0.499 µM for ORN. The sensor demonstrated good selectivity against common interfering species, satisfactory repeatability, and acceptable stability. The practical applicability of the proposed method was validated by analyzing three commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison with HPLC revealed no significant difference at the 95% confidence level. This work highlights the synergistic integration of Fe2O3 and rGO as an effective strategy for constructing high-performance electrochemical platforms for simultaneous pharmaceutical analysis.