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Abstract <p>The continuous discharge of recalcitrant organic dyes into aquatic environments poses a severe global challenge, underscoring the need for sustainable photocatalytic remediation technologies. Herein, a V-TiO<sub>2</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> heterostructure is engineered to integrate defect modulation with interfacial coupling. Vanadium incorporation generates V<sup>3+</sup>-related electronic states and oxygen vacancies that act as selective recombination centers, promoting a direct Z-scheme charge-transfer pathway. This configuration enables efficient spatial separation of charge carriers while preserving highly energetic electrons and holes. The resulting nanocomposite exhibits a reduced band gap (2.71&#xa0;eV), extended visible-light absorption, and an increased surface area (151.128&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>/g). Consequently, it delivers an apparent rate constant of 0.0041&#xa0;min<sup>−1</sup>, approximately 2.7 times higher than pristine TiO<sub>2</sub> and g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, along with 82% degradation of methylene blue under visible light. Under natural solar irradiation, the photocatalyst demonstrates near-complete degradation of methylene blue (120&#xa0;min) and rhodamine B (180&#xa0;min), while maintaining nearly 100% degradation efficiency over five consecutive in-situ recycling cycles. Crucially, active species trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as the dominant reactive species, definitively substantiating the proposed direct Z-scheme mechanism. This work highlights the synergistic role of defect engineering and heterojunction design in regulating charge dynamics and improving photocatalytic efficiency.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic effects of vanadium doping and heterojunction engineering in TiO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Lai Duc Vu,
  • Thi Duyen Tran,
  • Cu Dang Van,
  • Duc Loi Vu,
  • Viet Anh Hoang

摘要

Abstract

The continuous discharge of recalcitrant organic dyes into aquatic environments poses a severe global challenge, underscoring the need for sustainable photocatalytic remediation technologies. Herein, a V-TiO2/g-C3N4 heterostructure is engineered to integrate defect modulation with interfacial coupling. Vanadium incorporation generates V3+-related electronic states and oxygen vacancies that act as selective recombination centers, promoting a direct Z-scheme charge-transfer pathway. This configuration enables efficient spatial separation of charge carriers while preserving highly energetic electrons and holes. The resulting nanocomposite exhibits a reduced band gap (2.71 eV), extended visible-light absorption, and an increased surface area (151.128 m2/g). Consequently, it delivers an apparent rate constant of 0.0041 min−1, approximately 2.7 times higher than pristine TiO2 and g-C3N4, along with 82% degradation of methylene blue under visible light. Under natural solar irradiation, the photocatalyst demonstrates near-complete degradation of methylene blue (120 min) and rhodamine B (180 min), while maintaining nearly 100% degradation efficiency over five consecutive in-situ recycling cycles. Crucially, active species trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as the dominant reactive species, definitively substantiating the proposed direct Z-scheme mechanism. This work highlights the synergistic role of defect engineering and heterojunction design in regulating charge dynamics and improving photocatalytic efficiency.

Graphical abstract