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Abstract <p>Balancing proton conductivity and chemical stability remains the central challenge in developing BaCeO<sub>3</sub>-based electrolytes for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells (H-SOFCs). To address this trade-off, a series of In and Nd co-doped BaCeO<sub>3</sub> electrolytes, BaCe<sub>0.9-<i>x</i></sub>In<sub>0.1</sub>Nd<sub><i>x</i></sub>O<sub>3-<i>δ</i></sub> (<i>x</i> = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20), was synthesized by the EDTA–citrate complex method and systematically characterized with respect to phase formation, microstructure, chemical stability, and ionic conductivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase orthorhombic structure (space group P<i>bnm</i>) for all compositions with no detectable secondary phases. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated that grain size and relative density increased systematically with Nd content, reaching a maximum relative density of 98.9%, indicating improved sinterability at a moderate sintering temperature of 1300&#xa0;°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that Nd-doping promotes oxygen vacancy formation, which facilitates proton incorporation via the Grotthuss mechanism. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) measurements performed under 5% wet H<sub>2</sub> and dry air atmospheres allowed separate resolution of grain and grain-boundary contributions to the total conductivity. BaCe<sub>0.75</sub>In<sub>0.1</sub>Nd<sub>0.15</sub>O<sub>3-<i>δ</i></sub> (BCIN15) achieves the highest total ionic conductivity of 8.3&#xa0;mS&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> in 5% wet H<sub>2</sub> and 9.18 × 10<sup>–2</sup> mS&#xa0;cm<sup>−1</sup> in dry air at 600&#xa0;°C, together with excellent chemical stability in humid environments. These results establish BaCe<sub>0.75</sub>In<sub>0.1</sub>Nd<sub>0.15</sub>O<sub>3-<i>δ</i></sub> as a highly competitive electrolyte candidate for intermediate-temperature H-SOFCs, offering a practical combination of competitive conductivity, good chemical durability, and low sintering temperature.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Influence of In and Nd co-doping on the characteristics of BaCeO3 proton-conducting electrolyte

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Malar Maria Ancy Antony,
  • Anushree Khandale

摘要

Abstract

Balancing proton conductivity and chemical stability remains the central challenge in developing BaCeO3-based electrolytes for proton-conducting solid oxide fuel cells (H-SOFCs). To address this trade-off, a series of In and Nd co-doped BaCeO3 electrolytes, BaCe0.9-xIn0.1NdxO3-δ (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20), was synthesized by the EDTA–citrate complex method and systematically characterized with respect to phase formation, microstructure, chemical stability, and ionic conductivity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a single-phase orthorhombic structure (space group Pbnm) for all compositions with no detectable secondary phases. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated that grain size and relative density increased systematically with Nd content, reaching a maximum relative density of 98.9%, indicating improved sinterability at a moderate sintering temperature of 1300 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed that Nd-doping promotes oxygen vacancy formation, which facilitates proton incorporation via the Grotthuss mechanism. Complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS) measurements performed under 5% wet H2 and dry air atmospheres allowed separate resolution of grain and grain-boundary contributions to the total conductivity. BaCe0.75In0.1Nd0.15O3-δ (BCIN15) achieves the highest total ionic conductivity of 8.3 mS cm−1 in 5% wet H2 and 9.18 × 10–2 mS cm−1 in dry air at 600 °C, together with excellent chemical stability in humid environments. These results establish BaCe0.75In0.1Nd0.15O3-δ as a highly competitive electrolyte candidate for intermediate-temperature H-SOFCs, offering a practical combination of competitive conductivity, good chemical durability, and low sintering temperature.

Graphical abstract