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<p>The effect of deformation-assisted localized penetration and cracking on alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steel in oxygen-controlled liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) was studied through slow strain rate tensile testing at 550&#xa0;°C. This research presents a systematic correlation between oxide stability, strain localization, liquid metal penetration, and fracture behavior to explain the nature of the degradation process. It is found that the introduction of Al facilitates the development of compact oxide scales enriched with Al and the shift of the interface reaction toward oxidation-dominated behavior in non-loaded conditions. Nevertheless, tensile deformation causes a strain concentration which leads to the rupture of the protective oxide layer and high concentrations of localized LBE penetration along particular grain boundaries. The subsequent movement of liquid metal initiates partial Ni loss and local phase instability cause a decrease in grain-boundary strength. Hence, intergranular cracking in the AFA steel is governed by a coupled degradation mechanism involving oxide failure, localized liquid metal penetration, selective Ni dissolution, local phase instability, and grain-boundary embrittlement.</p>

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Deformation-assisted localized penetration and cracking of an alumina-forming austenitic steel in oxygen controlled liquid lead–bismuth eutectic

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Ping Deng,
  • Hong Yang,
  • Kang Yang,
  • Jun GAO,
  • Pingping Zhang,
  • Min Wang,
  • Yongfu Zhao

摘要

The effect of deformation-assisted localized penetration and cracking on alumina-forming austenitic (AFA) steel in oxygen-controlled liquid lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) was studied through slow strain rate tensile testing at 550 °C. This research presents a systematic correlation between oxide stability, strain localization, liquid metal penetration, and fracture behavior to explain the nature of the degradation process. It is found that the introduction of Al facilitates the development of compact oxide scales enriched with Al and the shift of the interface reaction toward oxidation-dominated behavior in non-loaded conditions. Nevertheless, tensile deformation causes a strain concentration which leads to the rupture of the protective oxide layer and high concentrations of localized LBE penetration along particular grain boundaries. The subsequent movement of liquid metal initiates partial Ni loss and local phase instability cause a decrease in grain-boundary strength. Hence, intergranular cracking in the AFA steel is governed by a coupled degradation mechanism involving oxide failure, localized liquid metal penetration, selective Ni dissolution, local phase instability, and grain-boundary embrittlement.