<p>Metastable <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\beta$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> titanium alloys exhibiting transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effects are promising structural materials because of their low density, high specific strength, and excellent work-hardening capability. However, the reduced <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\beta$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-phase stability required to activate martensitic transformation or deformation twinning often results in insufficient yield strength, limiting their engineering application. Precipitate-phase regulation provides an effective route to address this limitation by strengthening the matrix while adjusting the activation of TRIP/TWIP mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in precipitate-mediated strength–ductility regulation in metastable <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\beta$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> titanium alloys, with particular emphasis on <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\omega$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\alpha$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> phases. The formation and mechanical roles of athermal/isothermal <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\omega$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> precipitates, <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\omega$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ω</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-assisted <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\alpha$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> precipitation, hierarchical <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\alpha$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> structures, and their effects on deformation mode selection are discussed. The coupling among alloy composition, heat treatment, precipitate evolution, <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\beta$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>β</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-phase stability, and mechanical response is highlighted. Finally, unresolved issues and future directions are proposed, including quantitative precipitate control, in situ characterization of deformation–precipitation interactions, and scalable processing strategies for engineering applications.</p>

Review: Precipitate-phase regulation of the strength–ductility balance in metastable β titanium alloys—plasticity effects

期刊论文
发表日期：

2026年7月28日

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Jianyuan Li,
Qi Wang,
Ying Gao,
Weibin Wang,
Shaoyu Mei,
Ruirun Chen

摘要

Metastable $\beta$ $β$ titanium alloys exhibiting transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effects are promising structural materials because of their low density, high specific strength, and excellent work-hardening capability. However, the reduced $\beta$ $β$ -phase stability required to activate martensitic transformation or deformation twinning often results in insufficient yield strength, limiting their engineering application. Precipitate-phase regulation provides an effective route to address this limitation by strengthening the matrix while adjusting the activation of TRIP/TWIP mechanisms. This review summarizes recent progress in precipitate-mediated strength–ductility regulation in metastable $\beta$ $β$ titanium alloys, with particular emphasis on $\omega$ $ω$ and $\alpha$ $α$ phases. The formation and mechanical roles of athermal/isothermal $\omega$ $ω$ precipitates, $\omega$ $ω$ -assisted $\alpha$ $α$ precipitation, hierarchical $\alpha$ $α$ structures, and their effects on deformation mode selection are discussed. The coupling among alloy composition, heat treatment, precipitate evolution, $\beta$ $β$ -phase stability, and mechanical response is highlighted. Finally, unresolved issues and future directions are proposed, including quantitative precipitate control, in situ characterization of deformation–precipitation interactions, and scalable processing strategies for engineering applications.