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<p>Breaking the classic strength-ductility trade-off to synergistically boost mechanical and tribological properties is a pivotal goal in advanced alloy design. Here, we report a novel bimodal heterostructure in 316L-Cu stainless steel, fabricated by combining ball milling with spark plasma sintering (SPS). The resulting microstructure, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), consists of fine-grained regions containing hierarchical nano-twins and coarse-grained domains with sparse twinning. This design successfully harnesses multiple complementary strengthening pathways: grain boundary hardening (Hall–Petch) in the fine regions, twinning-induced plasticity in the coarse regions, and substantial back stress generated by geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) at heterostructure interfaces. As a result, the alloy exhibits a remarkable combination of yield strength (602 ± 12&#xa0;MPa) and ductility (43 ± 3.3% elongation), outperforming its conventional SPS-processed 316L counterpart by 32% in strength-ductility product. The exceptional strain hardening capability is attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimodal heterostructure and the profuse formation of deformation twins and stacking faults during plastic deformation. Importantly, compared with conventional 316L, the wear resistance is enhanced by 60%, accompanied by an improved antibacterial rate, as validated by tribological and antibacterial evaluations. This work provides a pathway to synergistically enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of 316L-Cu stainless steel, with an additional improvement in antibacterial performance.</p>

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Engineering a bimodal heterostructure for breakthrough strength-ductility-wear synergy in 316L-Cu stainless steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Jiangjie Liao,
  • Pengcheng Ma,
  • Xuerui Pan,
  • Zongbin Chen,
  • Jianxin Hou,
  • Haokun Yang,
  • Jian Hu

摘要

Breaking the classic strength-ductility trade-off to synergistically boost mechanical and tribological properties is a pivotal goal in advanced alloy design. Here, we report a novel bimodal heterostructure in 316L-Cu stainless steel, fabricated by combining ball milling with spark plasma sintering (SPS). The resulting microstructure, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), consists of fine-grained regions containing hierarchical nano-twins and coarse-grained domains with sparse twinning. This design successfully harnesses multiple complementary strengthening pathways: grain boundary hardening (Hall–Petch) in the fine regions, twinning-induced plasticity in the coarse regions, and substantial back stress generated by geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) at heterostructure interfaces. As a result, the alloy exhibits a remarkable combination of yield strength (602 ± 12 MPa) and ductility (43 ± 3.3% elongation), outperforming its conventional SPS-processed 316L counterpart by 32% in strength-ductility product. The exceptional strain hardening capability is attributed to the synergistic effect of the bimodal heterostructure and the profuse formation of deformation twins and stacking faults during plastic deformation. Importantly, compared with conventional 316L, the wear resistance is enhanced by 60%, accompanied by an improved antibacterial rate, as validated by tribological and antibacterial evaluations. This work provides a pathway to synergistically enhance the mechanical and tribological properties of 316L-Cu stainless steel, with an additional improvement in antibacterial performance.