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<p>Given the flammability of epoxy resin (EP), enhancing its fire safety is crucial. Therefore, designing an additive flame retardant with highly effective flame-retardant properties is particularly important. This experiment designed three metal-modified P-N synergistic flame retardants (A–M–Mg, A–M–Cu, A–M–Zn), which were incorporated into EP at a fixed proportion (20 wt%) to prepare composite flame-retardant systems. After adding three different metal-modified flame retardants, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EP increased from 21.0 to 29.6%, 28.8 and 27.2%. UL-94 flammability ratings achieved V-0, V-1 and V-2 classifications. This demonstrates that flame retardants modified with magnesium exhibit superior flame retardancy compared to those modified with copper and zinc. Compared to pure EP, testing with a cone calorimeter revealed reductions of 70.3, 72.7 and 67.2% in total heat release, peak heat release rate and total smoke volume. The reduction of pyrolysis products during combustion, combined with the selective catalytic effect of metallic magnesium and P-N synergistic flame retardancy, collectively promotes the formation of a dense and stable char layer. This significantly enhances the flame retardancy and safety of EP. Additionally, A–M–Mg exhibits good compatibility and strong interfacial interactions with EP, but its particle size and distribution adversely affect the mechanical properties of EP. In summary, this study provides a simple and effective strategy for preparing EP composites with outstanding flame-retardant properties, aiming to address fire safety concerns across various industrial sectors.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Preparation of melamine-aminotrimethylene phosphonate in a single-pot process for enhancing the flame retardancy of epoxy resins

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月3日

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  • Yang Jiao,
  • Pei Wu,
  • Li Cheng,
  • Cheng Yao

摘要

Given the flammability of epoxy resin (EP), enhancing its fire safety is crucial. Therefore, designing an additive flame retardant with highly effective flame-retardant properties is particularly important. This experiment designed three metal-modified P-N synergistic flame retardants (A–M–Mg, A–M–Cu, A–M–Zn), which were incorporated into EP at a fixed proportion (20 wt%) to prepare composite flame-retardant systems. After adding three different metal-modified flame retardants, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the EP increased from 21.0 to 29.6%, 28.8 and 27.2%. UL-94 flammability ratings achieved V-0, V-1 and V-2 classifications. This demonstrates that flame retardants modified with magnesium exhibit superior flame retardancy compared to those modified with copper and zinc. Compared to pure EP, testing with a cone calorimeter revealed reductions of 70.3, 72.7 and 67.2% in total heat release, peak heat release rate and total smoke volume. The reduction of pyrolysis products during combustion, combined with the selective catalytic effect of metallic magnesium and P-N synergistic flame retardancy, collectively promotes the formation of a dense and stable char layer. This significantly enhances the flame retardancy and safety of EP. Additionally, A–M–Mg exhibits good compatibility and strong interfacial interactions with EP, but its particle size and distribution adversely affect the mechanical properties of EP. In summary, this study provides a simple and effective strategy for preparing EP composites with outstanding flame-retardant properties, aiming to address fire safety concerns across various industrial sectors.

Graphical abstract