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<p>Silicon nitride (Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) is an advanced covalent inorganic ceramic that is indispensable in high-tech fields including mechanical manufacturing, electronics, aerospace, biomedicine, and semiconductors. It exhibits outstanding properties: ultra-high mechanical strength, superior high-temperature thermal stability, high thermal conductivity coupled with excellent electrical insulation, and good biocompatibility. Since the mid-20th century industrialization, Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> powder synthesis has evolved three mainstream routes: solid-phase, liquid-phase, and gas-phase methods. However, key challenges still exist in batch stability, cost control, and green preparation for high-end applications. This review systematically compares the principles, progress, advantages, and drawbacks of typical preparation technologies, analyzes key application pain points and working mechanisms of Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> in ultra-precision machining, high-power electronic packaging, radome materials, biomedical implants, and semiconductor thermal management, and proposes targeted improvements and future development trends. Future trends will integrate artificial intelligence and additive manufacturing to achieve precise synthesis, multifunctional composites, and enhanced extreme-environment performance, offering systematic guidance for the industrialization of high-performance Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>.</p>

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Advances in silicon nitride ceramic powder preparation and multifunctional applications-bridging fundamental science with cutting-edge technologies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月17日

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  • Yaxuan Li,
  • Mingda Huo,
  • Jinze Du,
  • Haoyang Qu,
  • Tianyu Zhu,
  • Ya Dong Zhang,
  • Weiguo Cheng,
  • Jingyi Zhang,
  • Ruohan Li,
  • Xiaohong Sun

摘要

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is an advanced covalent inorganic ceramic that is indispensable in high-tech fields including mechanical manufacturing, electronics, aerospace, biomedicine, and semiconductors. It exhibits outstanding properties: ultra-high mechanical strength, superior high-temperature thermal stability, high thermal conductivity coupled with excellent electrical insulation, and good biocompatibility. Since the mid-20th century industrialization, Si3N4 powder synthesis has evolved three mainstream routes: solid-phase, liquid-phase, and gas-phase methods. However, key challenges still exist in batch stability, cost control, and green preparation for high-end applications. This review systematically compares the principles, progress, advantages, and drawbacks of typical preparation technologies, analyzes key application pain points and working mechanisms of Si3N4 in ultra-precision machining, high-power electronic packaging, radome materials, biomedical implants, and semiconductor thermal management, and proposes targeted improvements and future development trends. Future trends will integrate artificial intelligence and additive manufacturing to achieve precise synthesis, multifunctional composites, and enhanced extreme-environment performance, offering systematic guidance for the industrialization of high-performance Si3N4.