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<p>Dense Ti<sub>x</sub>Mo<sub>1−x</sub>C ceramic substrates with varying Mo content were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The wetting behavior of the Ti<sub>x</sub>Mo<sub>1−x</sub>C–Fe system was investigated using the sessile drop technique, with a focus on the effects of temperature, ceramic composition, and iron matrix composition on wettability, interfacial reactions, and the underlying wetting mechanisms. Elevated temperatures significantly reduced the contact angle from 109.5° at 1504&#xa0;°C to 4.2° at 1620&#xa0;°C, and enhanced steel diffusion into the ceramic substrate without altering the wetting products. The addition of Mo to TiC markedly improved wettability with cast iron, leading to a reduction in contact angle and an increase in the diffusion zone thickness from 451.3 to 1258.6&#xa0;μm at 1600&#xa0;°C. Mechanistically, Mo enhanced wettability by increasing the valence electron concentration of the system and inducing local lattice distortion in TiC, thereby lowering the solid–liquid interfacial energy and reducing the activation energy for atomic migration. These effects collectively promoted the formation of a core–rim structure, which facilitated the diffusion of iron along grain boundaries. Both 45 steel and cast iron had minimal influence on phase formation in the Ti<sub>x</sub>Mo<sub>1−x</sub>C–Fe system. Cast iron exhibited a smaller infiltration depth (0.9&#xa0;mm) compared to 45 steel (1.3&#xa0;mm), attributed to its higher carbon content shifting the Ti<sub>x</sub>Mo<sub>1−x</sub>C dissolution–precipitation equilibrium toward precipitation. The wetting process was primarily dissolution-controlled, with Mo playing a key role in improving interfacial bonding.</p>

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Investigation of the wetting and dissolution behavior in TiXMo1−xC–Fe systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Wen Gao,
  • Wenqing Wei,
  • Xinpei Li,
  • Jiakang Zhou,
  • Yang Zhou

摘要

Dense TixMo1−xC ceramic substrates with varying Mo content were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The wetting behavior of the TixMo1−xC–Fe system was investigated using the sessile drop technique, with a focus on the effects of temperature, ceramic composition, and iron matrix composition on wettability, interfacial reactions, and the underlying wetting mechanisms. Elevated temperatures significantly reduced the contact angle from 109.5° at 1504 °C to 4.2° at 1620 °C, and enhanced steel diffusion into the ceramic substrate without altering the wetting products. The addition of Mo to TiC markedly improved wettability with cast iron, leading to a reduction in contact angle and an increase in the diffusion zone thickness from 451.3 to 1258.6 μm at 1600 °C. Mechanistically, Mo enhanced wettability by increasing the valence electron concentration of the system and inducing local lattice distortion in TiC, thereby lowering the solid–liquid interfacial energy and reducing the activation energy for atomic migration. These effects collectively promoted the formation of a core–rim structure, which facilitated the diffusion of iron along grain boundaries. Both 45 steel and cast iron had minimal influence on phase formation in the TixMo1−xC–Fe system. Cast iron exhibited a smaller infiltration depth (0.9 mm) compared to 45 steel (1.3 mm), attributed to its higher carbon content shifting the TixMo1−xC dissolution–precipitation equilibrium toward precipitation. The wetting process was primarily dissolution-controlled, with Mo playing a key role in improving interfacial bonding.