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<p>The synthesis of TiO<sub>2</sub> from ilmenite mineral has produced a large amount of iron waste by-products that&#xa0;significantly impact&#xa0;the environment. Therefore, new innovations are needed to utilize iron waste into useful materials, including iron oxalate dihydrate (FeC₂O₄·2H₂O) as a precursor for producing active materials for lithium-ion LiFePO<sub>4</sub> (LFP) battery cathodes. This study aims to process iron waste into FeC₂O₄·2H₂O, specifically to investigate the influence of Ti impurity in the iron oxalate precursor on the performance of the LFP cathode active ingredient produced. Two raw iron waste materials with different Ti impurity contents were used in this study. The experimental results showed that FeC₂O₄·2H₂O, with the main phase humboldtine having a monoclinic crystal structure, was successfully synthesized from iron waste as a raw material. The presence of Ti impurities in iron waste affected the morphology and cell volume of FeC₂O₄·2H₂O, as well as the electrochemical and electrical performance of FeC₂O₄ · 2H₂O when used as LFP cathodes. The morphology of FeC₂O₄·2H₂O products consists of rod-shaped particles, and the cell volume of FeC₂O₄·2H₂O was larger at low Ti impurity content compared to high Ti impurity content in the iron waste. The cycle performance test confirmed that LFP was obtained from iron waste with low Ti content (LFP-S1), having the solution resistance (Rs) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) values, which are lower than those of high Ti content (LFP-S2). This study shows that the FeC₂O₄·2H₂O precursor derived from iron waste from the TiO₂ production process has the potential to produce LiFePO₄ cathodes with battery-grade quality. It has been found that low titanium impurity concentrations can enhance LiFePO4 performance by increasing the lattice spacing and liberating lithium-ion channels.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synthesis of iron (II) oxalate dihydrate as a precursor for LiFePO4 cathode by upcycling iron waste from the TiO2 production process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Tri Arini,
  • Akhmad Herman Yuwono,
  • Latifa Hanum Lalasari,
  • Januar Irawan,
  • Abdulloh Rifai,
  • Yudi Nugraha Thaha,
  • F. Firdiyono,
  • Iwan Setiawan,
  • Eko Sulistiyono,
  • Lia Andriyah,
  • Ariyo Suharyanto

摘要

The synthesis of TiO2 from ilmenite mineral has produced a large amount of iron waste by-products that significantly impact the environment. Therefore, new innovations are needed to utilize iron waste into useful materials, including iron oxalate dihydrate (FeC₂O₄·2H₂O) as a precursor for producing active materials for lithium-ion LiFePO4 (LFP) battery cathodes. This study aims to process iron waste into FeC₂O₄·2H₂O, specifically to investigate the influence of Ti impurity in the iron oxalate precursor on the performance of the LFP cathode active ingredient produced. Two raw iron waste materials with different Ti impurity contents were used in this study. The experimental results showed that FeC₂O₄·2H₂O, with the main phase humboldtine having a monoclinic crystal structure, was successfully synthesized from iron waste as a raw material. The presence of Ti impurities in iron waste affected the morphology and cell volume of FeC₂O₄·2H₂O, as well as the electrochemical and electrical performance of FeC₂O₄ · 2H₂O when used as LFP cathodes. The morphology of FeC₂O₄·2H₂O products consists of rod-shaped particles, and the cell volume of FeC₂O₄·2H₂O was larger at low Ti impurity content compared to high Ti impurity content in the iron waste. The cycle performance test confirmed that LFP was obtained from iron waste with low Ti content (LFP-S1), having the solution resistance (Rs) and charge transfer resistance (Rct) values, which are lower than those of high Ti content (LFP-S2). This study shows that the FeC₂O₄·2H₂O precursor derived from iron waste from the TiO₂ production process has the potential to produce LiFePO₄ cathodes with battery-grade quality. It has been found that low titanium impurity concentrations can enhance LiFePO4 performance by increasing the lattice spacing and liberating lithium-ion channels.

Graphical abstract