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<p>Z-scheme and semiconductor photocatalyst has been recognized for their strong redox capability and demonstrated significant potential for environmental remediation. The presence of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) antibiotic in aquatic systems has been emerged as a pressing ecological concern. In this study, a novel ternary nanocomposite was fabricated which composed of CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> and investigated for degradation of TC-HCL under visible light irradiation. The prepared CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> nanocomposite (NC) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate its physiochemical properties. In photocatalytic degradation relative to the individual components g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, WO₃, CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, the CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> NC demonstrated the excellent photocatalytic performance and achieved degradation of 93.2% within 80&#xa0;min. Furthermore, the recyclability tests showed that the nanocomposite retained 86% of its degradation capacity after four cycles which affirmed its stability. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis confirmed the generation of oxygen free radicals, particularly superoxide anions <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\cdot {\text{O}}_{2}^{ - }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>·</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> </msubsup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>&#xa0;and hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) which were primarily responsible for the degradation process. The presence of these radicals was validated by DMPO-adduct peaks which increased in intensity after 15&#xa0;min of visible light exposure. Kinetic studies revealed the first-order kinetics with a rate constant (<i>k</i>) of 0.093&#xa0;min⁻<sup>1</sup>. Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) by following the well diffusion method and demonstrated the promising inhibitory effects. Photocatalysis and antibacterial findings suggested that the CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/WO<sub>3</sub> NC would be a robust material for dual-function applications in wastewater treatment and microbial control.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Synergistic impact of CoFe2O4/g-C3N4/WO3 as dual Z-scheme photocatalyst for improving tetracycline (TC-HCl) degradation and antibacterial performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Muhammad Hammad Aziz,
  • Muhammad Asif,
  • Mahvish Fatima,
  • Mohd Taukeer Khan,
  • Attalla F. El-kott,
  • Mohammed A. AlShehri,
  • Eman A. Al-Shahari,
  • Eman Kashita,
  • Kutup Ayupov

摘要

Z-scheme and semiconductor photocatalyst has been recognized for their strong redox capability and demonstrated significant potential for environmental remediation. The presence of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) antibiotic in aquatic systems has been emerged as a pressing ecological concern. In this study, a novel ternary nanocomposite was fabricated which composed of CoFe2O4/g-C3N4/WO3 and investigated for degradation of TC-HCL under visible light irradiation. The prepared CoFe2O4/g-C3N4/WO3 nanocomposite (NC) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate its physiochemical properties. In photocatalytic degradation relative to the individual components g-C3N4, WO₃, CoFe2O4, the CoFe2O4/g-C3N4/WO3 NC demonstrated the excellent photocatalytic performance and achieved degradation of 93.2% within 80 min. Furthermore, the recyclability tests showed that the nanocomposite retained 86% of its degradation capacity after four cycles which affirmed its stability. Electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis confirmed the generation of oxygen free radicals, particularly superoxide anions \(\cdot {\text{O}}_{2}^{ - }\) · O 2 -  and hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) which were primarily responsible for the degradation process. The presence of these radicals was validated by DMPO-adduct peaks which increased in intensity after 15 min of visible light exposure. Kinetic studies revealed the first-order kinetics with a rate constant (k) of 0.093 min⁻1. Additionally, the antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) by following the well diffusion method and demonstrated the promising inhibitory effects. Photocatalysis and antibacterial findings suggested that the CoFe2O4/g-C3N4/WO3 NC would be a robust material for dual-function applications in wastewater treatment and microbial control.

Graphical abstract