<p>Large bone defects are long-term problems in the field of surgical treatment. The development of bone repair materials is a promising strategy. The structure and function of bones, the demand for bone repair, the differences between ideal bone repair materials and clinical progress, and the research advancements in bone tissue engineering were systematically summarized. The design of ideal bone repair materials is based on material and structure, and has a high degree of diversity. The materials cover metals, ceramics, biopolymers, etc., and the structures that are constantly developing from regular porous to bionic structures were comprehensively reviewed. Mineralized collagen is an ideal bionic bone replacement material because of its similar microstructure and chemical composition to that of the natural bone matrix. Biodegradable metal alloy scaffolds have attracted considerable attention because of their excellent mechanical properties and the release of metal ions to promote the generation of new bone. Bionic scaffolds are highly similar to human bone structures and can accurately simulate the repair environment and the potential for bone repair, indicating broad application prospects. This paper reviews some research in the field of biodegradable metal (Mg, Zn)-mineralized collagen composite materials from 2019 to 2025. Finally, the remaining challenges of bone repair scaffolds regarding the conflict between mechanics and biocompatibility and the matching of the scaffold degradation rate and bone repair kinetics were elaborated, providing a new pathway to address large bone defects with great potential for development.</p>