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<p>This study presents a low-temperature brazing method to overcome oxidation and base metal (TA1) degradation in conventional titanium brazing. The method employs an <i>in-situ</i> formed Ag–Al filler metal with an Al/Ag/Al sandwich structure. We systematically investigated atomic diffusion and interfacial reactions in the Ag–Al–Ti system by combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with vacuum brazing experiments. MD simulations revealed the interstitial diffusion of Al atoms into α-Ti and the preferential formation of TiAl<sub>3</sub> intermetallic compounds. This process is facilitated by the smaller atomic radius of Al (1.43&#xa0;Å) and its lower activation energy for diffusion (24.85&#xa0;kJ/mol). In contrast, Ag exhibits higher activation energy (<i>Q</i> = 81.91&#xa0;kJ/mol) and diffuses more slowly. Experimental results demonstrated that sound joints were achieved at 1073&#xa0;K for 30&#xa0;min, characterized by the microstructure: TA1/TiAl<sub>3</sub> + Ag(ss, Al)/TA1. At higher temperatures, additional intermetallics such as TiAl and TiAl<sub>2</sub> formed. Joints brazed with the Ag–Al filler exhibited higher shear strength than those with pure Ag or Al interlayers, failing via a mixed ductile-intergranular mode. This filler design enables brazing below the <i>β</i>-transus temperature, improving joint reliability and offering atomic-scale insights for low-temperature joining of titanium alloys.</p>

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Atomic-scale regulation of interfacial reactions in low-temperature brazing of TA1 titanium alloy using in situ formed Ag–Al filler

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月23日

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  • Chen-Jun Guo,
  • Yin-Yin Pei,
  • Yi-Xiang Sun,
  • Tai-Ying Liu,
  • Yun-Wu Ma

摘要

This study presents a low-temperature brazing method to overcome oxidation and base metal (TA1) degradation in conventional titanium brazing. The method employs an in-situ formed Ag–Al filler metal with an Al/Ag/Al sandwich structure. We systematically investigated atomic diffusion and interfacial reactions in the Ag–Al–Ti system by combining molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with vacuum brazing experiments. MD simulations revealed the interstitial diffusion of Al atoms into α-Ti and the preferential formation of TiAl3 intermetallic compounds. This process is facilitated by the smaller atomic radius of Al (1.43 Å) and its lower activation energy for diffusion (24.85 kJ/mol). In contrast, Ag exhibits higher activation energy (Q = 81.91 kJ/mol) and diffuses more slowly. Experimental results demonstrated that sound joints were achieved at 1073 K for 30 min, characterized by the microstructure: TA1/TiAl3 + Ag(ss, Al)/TA1. At higher temperatures, additional intermetallics such as TiAl and TiAl2 formed. Joints brazed with the Ag–Al filler exhibited higher shear strength than those with pure Ag or Al interlayers, failing via a mixed ductile-intergranular mode. This filler design enables brazing below the β-transus temperature, improving joint reliability and offering atomic-scale insights for low-temperature joining of titanium alloys.