<p>As the world moves more rapidly towards electrification and carbon–neutral energy sources, there is a growing need for sustainable, high-performance energy storage systems to support electric vehicles, wearable electronics, and smart grids. This has been driven by the fact that developed supercapacitors have become the focal point, as they alone offer high charge–discharge speed, high cycling stability, and environmental friendliness. Supercapacitors, as bridges between conventional capacitors and batteries, are nowadays considered enabling technology for next-generation portable and grid-scale energy solutions. However, their practical application as supercapacitors (SCs) is limited by restacking, oxidation, and limited capacitance retention. This review provides an in-depth discussion of current studies on MXene production, focusing on the top-down and bottom-up approaches used to synthesize Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> nanosheets. This paper will examine methods to enhance electrochemical performance, particularly by integrating carbon nanostructures, polymers, and metal oxide compounds. The analysis is conducted across different dimensional structures, starting with 0D carbon dots and progressing to 3D porous networks, to assess their role in addressing key bottlenecks. The review identifies known issues in stability, scale-up, and device integration, and proposes future research directions to improve the performance of MXene-based hybrid materials. This work integrates expertise in synthesis, materials engineering, and device-level design to guide the development of next-generation MXene-based supercapacitor architectures.</p>

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Review: Design strategies and developments in Ti3C2Tx MXene composites for advanced supercapacitor applications

  • Enaam A. Al‐Harthi,
  • M. K. M. Ali,
  • Mohd Imran,
  • A. I. Aljameel,
  • Arshiya Ansari,
  • Shahzad Ahmed,
  • Sangram M. Shinde,
  • Mohd. Arif

摘要

As the world moves more rapidly towards electrification and carbon–neutral energy sources, there is a growing need for sustainable, high-performance energy storage systems to support electric vehicles, wearable electronics, and smart grids. This has been driven by the fact that developed supercapacitors have become the focal point, as they alone offer high charge–discharge speed, high cycling stability, and environmental friendliness. Supercapacitors, as bridges between conventional capacitors and batteries, are nowadays considered enabling technology for next-generation portable and grid-scale energy solutions. However, their practical application as supercapacitors (SCs) is limited by restacking, oxidation, and limited capacitance retention. This review provides an in-depth discussion of current studies on MXene production, focusing on the top-down and bottom-up approaches used to synthesize Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. This paper will examine methods to enhance electrochemical performance, particularly by integrating carbon nanostructures, polymers, and metal oxide compounds. The analysis is conducted across different dimensional structures, starting with 0D carbon dots and progressing to 3D porous networks, to assess their role in addressing key bottlenecks. The review identifies known issues in stability, scale-up, and device integration, and proposes future research directions to improve the performance of MXene-based hybrid materials. This work integrates expertise in synthesis, materials engineering, and device-level design to guide the development of next-generation MXene-based supercapacitor architectures.