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<p>Spinel ferrites, particularly, cobalt ferrites, are considered significant for advanced technologies owing to their tunable magnetic and dielectric properties. Here, we report surfactant mediated synthesis routes (co-precipitation, hydrothermal and sol–gel) for chromium-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoCr<sub><i>x</i></sub>Fe<sub>2-<i>x</i></sub>O<sub>4</sub>, ‘<i>x</i>’ = 0–1) for systematic comparison of structural, magnetic and dielectric properties. Our results show that single-phase cubic spinel structures are obtained in all samples. The hydrothermal route yielded ultrafine particles (13&#xa0;nm) with significant saturation magnetization (82&#xa0;emu/g) due to improved crystallinity, sol–gel method resulted in nanoparticles with highest coercivity (1344&#xa0;Oe) as a result of internal strain, whereas, the co-precipitation method provides a cost-effective route for synthesis of microwave absorbers. Dielectric studies revealed optimal performance in microwave frequency range (1.5–3&#xa0;GHz), with hydrothermally prepared samples showing highest dielectric constant (<i>ε</i>' = 5.24 at 2&#xa0;GHz) and quality factor (Q &gt; 1000). The variation in properties correlate with synthesis-induced differences in particle size, cation distribution as well as surface defects. These findings clearly indicate the structure–property relationship, showing that hydrothermal synthesis method is highly suitable for high-frequency applications that require superior magnetization, whereas sol–gel synthesis is ideal for permanent magnet applications. These results demonstrate that different synthesis routes can results in a range of particle sized and magnetic characteristics. This work provides a roadmap for selection of synthesis route toward engineered ferrite nanoparticles specific high-frequency devices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Effect of synthesis pathways on the properties of Cr3⁺-doped CoFe2O4 nanoferrites for electromagnetic devices

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Mahwish Afzia,
  • Aaranda Arooj,
  • Rafaqat Ali Khan

摘要

Spinel ferrites, particularly, cobalt ferrites, are considered significant for advanced technologies owing to their tunable magnetic and dielectric properties. Here, we report surfactant mediated synthesis routes (co-precipitation, hydrothermal and sol–gel) for chromium-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoCrxFe2-xO4, ‘x’ = 0–1) for systematic comparison of structural, magnetic and dielectric properties. Our results show that single-phase cubic spinel structures are obtained in all samples. The hydrothermal route yielded ultrafine particles (13 nm) with significant saturation magnetization (82 emu/g) due to improved crystallinity, sol–gel method resulted in nanoparticles with highest coercivity (1344 Oe) as a result of internal strain, whereas, the co-precipitation method provides a cost-effective route for synthesis of microwave absorbers. Dielectric studies revealed optimal performance in microwave frequency range (1.5–3 GHz), with hydrothermally prepared samples showing highest dielectric constant (ε' = 5.24 at 2 GHz) and quality factor (Q > 1000). The variation in properties correlate with synthesis-induced differences in particle size, cation distribution as well as surface defects. These findings clearly indicate the structure–property relationship, showing that hydrothermal synthesis method is highly suitable for high-frequency applications that require superior magnetization, whereas sol–gel synthesis is ideal for permanent magnet applications. These results demonstrate that different synthesis routes can results in a range of particle sized and magnetic characteristics. This work provides a roadmap for selection of synthesis route toward engineered ferrite nanoparticles specific high-frequency devices.

Graphical abstract