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<p>The cyclic compressive deformation of articular cartilage incurred during weight-bearing activities (e.g., walking, running) is recovered after the activity ceases. This reversible behavior is essential for nutrient transport and functional integrity. In this study, we conducted the unconfined cyclic compression tests combined with digital image correlation (DIC) on pig knee cartilage to analyze the effects of peak stress, frequency, and loading/recovery duration on cartilage deformation and recovery. The recovery time was predicted based on the experimental data. Additionally, the microstructures of cartilage were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after loading. The compression strain increases with higher peak stress, frequency, and loading duration, whereas the strain growth rate declined over time. The recovery process exhibits two phases, rapid phase and steady phase. Higher peak stress significantly increases the depth-dependent recovery rates of cartilage, with the most pronounced effect observed in the deep zone, while the influence of frequency was minimal. Intermittent loading reduces accumulated strain and shortens recovery time compared to continuous loading. Cyclic loading induced reversible surface pore deformation and collagen fiber realignment. The findings may support exercise prescription for articular cartilage protection.</p>

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The depth-dependent deformation-recovery behaviors of articular cartilage under cyclic compressive loading

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Lilan Gao,
  • Yabo Wang,
  • Bolun Liu,
  • Yansong Tan,
  • Jie Liu,
  • Xianglong Lin,
  • Chunqiu Zhang

摘要

The cyclic compressive deformation of articular cartilage incurred during weight-bearing activities (e.g., walking, running) is recovered after the activity ceases. This reversible behavior is essential for nutrient transport and functional integrity. In this study, we conducted the unconfined cyclic compression tests combined with digital image correlation (DIC) on pig knee cartilage to analyze the effects of peak stress, frequency, and loading/recovery duration on cartilage deformation and recovery. The recovery time was predicted based on the experimental data. Additionally, the microstructures of cartilage were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before and after loading. The compression strain increases with higher peak stress, frequency, and loading duration, whereas the strain growth rate declined over time. The recovery process exhibits two phases, rapid phase and steady phase. Higher peak stress significantly increases the depth-dependent recovery rates of cartilage, with the most pronounced effect observed in the deep zone, while the influence of frequency was minimal. Intermittent loading reduces accumulated strain and shortens recovery time compared to continuous loading. Cyclic loading induced reversible surface pore deformation and collagen fiber realignment. The findings may support exercise prescription for articular cartilage protection.