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<p>To overcome the limited resolution—typically exceeding 100&#xa0;μm—of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) conductive hydrogel microstructures fabricated via conventional approaches, this study introduces a femtosecond laser direct-writing technique. This method enables the efficient and high-resolution fabrication of complex PEDOT: PSS conductive hydrogel microstructures at sub-100&#xa0;μm scales. The influence of hydrogel constituents, specifically gelatin (Gel) and sodium alginate (SA), on the rheological, mechanical, swelling, and electrical conductive properties was systematically examined, leading to the optimization of the formulation at 15% Gel and 0.75% SA. By precisely modulating laser parameters—energy at 1.372&#xa0;μJ, frequency at 1000&#xa0;kHz, and scanning speed at 900&#xa0;mm/s—microgrid structures with finely tunable feature sizes, including spacings below 10&#xa0;μm, were successfully fabricated. The material ablation threshold was determined to be 0.132&#xa0;J/cm<sup>2</sup>. The resulting microstructured hydrogels demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity (1.16 mS/cm at 84% ablative density), robust structural stability, and favorable biocompatibility. In vitro cellular assays revealed that these microstructures, particularly the grids with 84% ablative density, effectively directed the orientation, adhesion, and spreading of mouse fibroblasts (L929). Notably, when combined with electrical stimulation at a scan rate of 20&#xa0;mV/s, the system exhibited a significant synergistic effect, enhancing cell proliferation, increasing spreading area, and promoting orderly cellular growth. This work pioneers the integration of femtosecond laser high-precision processing with conductive hydrogel properties, offering an innovative platform for engineering dynamic cellular microenvironments that provide both structural guidance and precise electrical stimulation.</p>

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Synergistic effects of laser-fabricated conductive hydrogel microstructure and electrical stimulation on cell behaviors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月10日

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  • Lin Jiang,
  • Xiujing Kong,
  • Yue Zhang,
  • Lijuan Zheng,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Chengyong Wang

摘要

To overcome the limited resolution—typically exceeding 100 μm—of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) conductive hydrogel microstructures fabricated via conventional approaches, this study introduces a femtosecond laser direct-writing technique. This method enables the efficient and high-resolution fabrication of complex PEDOT: PSS conductive hydrogel microstructures at sub-100 μm scales. The influence of hydrogel constituents, specifically gelatin (Gel) and sodium alginate (SA), on the rheological, mechanical, swelling, and electrical conductive properties was systematically examined, leading to the optimization of the formulation at 15% Gel and 0.75% SA. By precisely modulating laser parameters—energy at 1.372 μJ, frequency at 1000 kHz, and scanning speed at 900 mm/s—microgrid structures with finely tunable feature sizes, including spacings below 10 μm, were successfully fabricated. The material ablation threshold was determined to be 0.132 J/cm2. The resulting microstructured hydrogels demonstrated excellent electrical conductivity (1.16 mS/cm at 84% ablative density), robust structural stability, and favorable biocompatibility. In vitro cellular assays revealed that these microstructures, particularly the grids with 84% ablative density, effectively directed the orientation, adhesion, and spreading of mouse fibroblasts (L929). Notably, when combined with electrical stimulation at a scan rate of 20 mV/s, the system exhibited a significant synergistic effect, enhancing cell proliferation, increasing spreading area, and promoting orderly cellular growth. This work pioneers the integration of femtosecond laser high-precision processing with conductive hydrogel properties, offering an innovative platform for engineering dynamic cellular microenvironments that provide both structural guidance and precise electrical stimulation.