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<p>The traditional methods for preparing gradient wettability surfaces usually have problems such as insufficient accuracy, high cost or difficulty in scaling up. For this purpose, this study proposed a novel suspension micro-etching technology and successfully constructed micro–nano structures with gradient wettability on the surface of beryllium copper. Characterization by XPS, XRD and SEM revealed that an irregular lamellar structure was formed on the surface after HNO<sub>3</sub> etching, while a dense needle lamellar composite structure was further formed after NaOH etching. Experimental data show that the contact angles of the two gradient surfaces reach 156.5° ± 0.3° and 161.3° ± 0.2°, respectively, which can achieve efficient droplet directional transport. In addition, the prepared surface exhibits excellent functional characteristics: the frosting delay time can reach 35&#xa0;min, the droplet rebound height can reach 20&#xa0;mm, it has remarkable self-cleaning performance, and it shows good durability—it can still maintain a water contact Angle of more than 150° after 4&#xa0;min of sand impact and 12&#xa0;h of immersion in corrosive solution. The suspension micro-etching technology proposed in this study provides an efficient and economical solution for the preparation of gradient wetting surfaces and has significant application value in the fields of droplet microfluidics and biomedical devices.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Suspended micro-etching for fabricating beryllium copper with a wettability gradient and uniform superhydrophobicity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月8日

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  • Liang Yin,
  • Ling-Hao Kong,
  • Fapeng Zhang,
  • Qi Guo,
  • Jiwen Wang,
  • Qiang He

摘要

The traditional methods for preparing gradient wettability surfaces usually have problems such as insufficient accuracy, high cost or difficulty in scaling up. For this purpose, this study proposed a novel suspension micro-etching technology and successfully constructed micro–nano structures with gradient wettability on the surface of beryllium copper. Characterization by XPS, XRD and SEM revealed that an irregular lamellar structure was formed on the surface after HNO3 etching, while a dense needle lamellar composite structure was further formed after NaOH etching. Experimental data show that the contact angles of the two gradient surfaces reach 156.5° ± 0.3° and 161.3° ± 0.2°, respectively, which can achieve efficient droplet directional transport. In addition, the prepared surface exhibits excellent functional characteristics: the frosting delay time can reach 35 min, the droplet rebound height can reach 20 mm, it has remarkable self-cleaning performance, and it shows good durability—it can still maintain a water contact Angle of more than 150° after 4 min of sand impact and 12 h of immersion in corrosive solution. The suspension micro-etching technology proposed in this study provides an efficient and economical solution for the preparation of gradient wetting surfaces and has significant application value in the fields of droplet microfluidics and biomedical devices.

Graphical abstract