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<p>This study reports the HF-free, microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub>X</sub> MXene, derived from the Nb<sub>2</sub>AlC MAX phase, and its efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) for wastewater purification. The Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub>X</sub> MXene exhibited a lamellar architecture with abundant surface terminations (–OH, –O, –F, –Cl) and expanded interlayer spacing, enhancing light absorption, charge carrier separation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Process optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified the optimal conditions (pH 6, 24.6&#xa0;mg catalyst, 30&#xa0;min reaction), achieving complete MB degradation with pseudo-first-order kinetics (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.9866). The catalyst displayed excellent recyclability (&gt; 90% after five cycles) with minimal structural deterioration, confirming long-term stability. This microwave-assisted hydrothermal, HF-free synthesis offers a rapid, scalable, and environmentally benign route, aligning with green chemistry principles and supporting UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production). The findings establish Nb<sub>2</sub>CT<sub>X</sub> MXene as a sustainable next-generation photocatalyst for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation applications.</p>

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Advanced microwave-assisted synthesis of Nb2CTX MXene for efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue: kinetics, optimization, and recyclability studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Thachnatharen Nagarajan,
  • Faiza Bibi,
  • Kalaimani Markandan,
  • Davannendran Chandran,
  • K. Rajammal,
  • Arshid Numan

摘要

This study reports the HF-free, microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of Nb2CTX MXene, derived from the Nb2AlC MAX phase, and its efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) for wastewater purification. The Nb2CTX MXene exhibited a lamellar architecture with abundant surface terminations (–OH, –O, –F, –Cl) and expanded interlayer spacing, enhancing light absorption, charge carrier separation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Process optimization using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified the optimal conditions (pH 6, 24.6 mg catalyst, 30 min reaction), achieving complete MB degradation with pseudo-first-order kinetics (R2 = 0.9866). The catalyst displayed excellent recyclability (> 90% after five cycles) with minimal structural deterioration, confirming long-term stability. This microwave-assisted hydrothermal, HF-free synthesis offers a rapid, scalable, and environmentally benign route, aligning with green chemistry principles and supporting UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation and SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production). The findings establish Nb2CTX MXene as a sustainable next-generation photocatalyst for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation applications.