<p>Recently, in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), electrolytes with low salt concentrations (LCE, ≤ 0.5&#xa0;M) have attracted a lot of attention for its absolute price advantage. However, the Li<sup>+</sup> solvation sheath containing a large number of solvent molecules not only results in a large Li<sup>+</sup> desolvation energy but also derives an organic-dominated solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film with poor Li<sup>+</sup> conductivity and ineffective passivation for graphite (Gr) electrode. To solve this problem, a non-solvated fluorobenzene (FB) diluent is introduced into the LCE system, with a volume ratio of 10%. Due to the strong dipole–dipole interaction between FB and carbonate solvents, the ion–dipole interaction between Li<sup>+</sup> and carbonate solvents is weakened, effectively facilitating Li<sup>+</sup> desolvation and resulting in a F/P-containing inorganics rich SEI film with fast Li<sup>+</sup> transport dynamics. As a result, the electrochemical performance of the LFP/Gr cell assembled with FB-containing LCE is on par with that of the cell with 1.0&#xa0;M LiPF<sub>6</sub> EC/DEC. That is, the concentration of lithium salt is halved by the solvent engineering, while the performance is maintained. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of LCE formula and is helpful in saving resources and reducing costs of LIBs.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Through the dipole–dipole interaction between FB and carbonate solvent, the ion–dipole interaction between Li<sup>+</sup> and carbonate solvent is weakened, thus forming a loose Li<sup>+</sup>-solvated structure.</p>

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Improving the performances of low-concentration electrolytes via dipole–dipole interaction between non-solvated cosolvent and solvent

  • Yin Quan,
  • Yueqin Kong,
  • Ling Hu,
  • Ningshuang Zhang,
  • Shiyou Li,
  • Dongni Zhao

摘要

Recently, in the field of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), electrolytes with low salt concentrations (LCE, ≤ 0.5 M) have attracted a lot of attention for its absolute price advantage. However, the Li+ solvation sheath containing a large number of solvent molecules not only results in a large Li+ desolvation energy but also derives an organic-dominated solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film with poor Li+ conductivity and ineffective passivation for graphite (Gr) electrode. To solve this problem, a non-solvated fluorobenzene (FB) diluent is introduced into the LCE system, with a volume ratio of 10%. Due to the strong dipole–dipole interaction between FB and carbonate solvents, the ion–dipole interaction between Li+ and carbonate solvents is weakened, effectively facilitating Li+ desolvation and resulting in a F/P-containing inorganics rich SEI film with fast Li+ transport dynamics. As a result, the electrochemical performance of the LFP/Gr cell assembled with FB-containing LCE is on par with that of the cell with 1.0 M LiPF6 EC/DEC. That is, the concentration of lithium salt is halved by the solvent engineering, while the performance is maintained. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design of LCE formula and is helpful in saving resources and reducing costs of LIBs.

Graphical Abstract

Through the dipole–dipole interaction between FB and carbonate solvent, the ion–dipole interaction between Li+ and carbonate solvent is weakened, thus forming a loose Li+-solvated structure.