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<p>Mechanical and physical properties are key toward characterizing membrane performance, especially in applications requiring structural integrity, chemical resistance, and thermal stability. In the present study, the PVDF and PVDF-co-HFP membranes have been prepared through phase inversion with changing polymer concentrations (10, 15, and 20&#xa0;wt%) and membrane thicknesses (50–150&#xa0;μm) for their morphological, thermal, mechanical, and wettability characterizations. SEM analysis demonstrated a distinct morphological transition in the PVDF membranes, where the structure evolved from open macrovoids to a denser, sponge-like form as the polymer concentration increased. In contrast, the PVDF-co-HFP membranes exhibited larger and more interconnected macrovoids, contributing to enhanced mechanical flexibility. Contact angle measurements ranged from 56° to 79° for PVDF and 49°–85° for PVDF-co-HFP membranes, indicating tunable surface hydrophilicity. Porosity evaluation further revealed that PVDF-co-HFP membranes consistently exhibited higher porosity values (80% and 79%, respectively) than pure PVDF, even at higher polymer concentrations, due to the enhanced phase separation facilitated by the flexible HFP segments. The shrinkage test presented the maximum 58% area loss for the PVDF10/10 sample at 50&#xa0;°C, while the other PVDF and all the PVDF-co-HFP membrane samples presented &lt; 20% shrinkage, demonstrating high-dimensional stability. The thermal degradation presented three-step decompositions, with the PVDF and the PVDF-co-HFP proposing total weight losses of 88% and 85%, respectively, while the PVDF-co-HFP presented delayed onset of the degradation. Mechanically, the maximum tensile strength was presented by the PVDF20/15 with 9.2&#xa0;MPa, while the maximum elongation at break was presented by the membrane sample of the PVDF-co-HFP15/15 with strain values 1.99, supporting improved flexibility. In general, the PVDF-co-HFP membrane provides balanced thermal resilience, mechanical strength, and wettability control, appropriate for advanced membrane applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Mechanical and physical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride and poly(vinylidene fluoride‑co‑hexafluoro‑propylene) membranes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月4日

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  • Arun Kumar Shukla,
  • Mansour Alhoshan,
  • Javed Alam,
  • Ahamad Imran

摘要

Mechanical and physical properties are key toward characterizing membrane performance, especially in applications requiring structural integrity, chemical resistance, and thermal stability. In the present study, the PVDF and PVDF-co-HFP membranes have been prepared through phase inversion with changing polymer concentrations (10, 15, and 20 wt%) and membrane thicknesses (50–150 μm) for their morphological, thermal, mechanical, and wettability characterizations. SEM analysis demonstrated a distinct morphological transition in the PVDF membranes, where the structure evolved from open macrovoids to a denser, sponge-like form as the polymer concentration increased. In contrast, the PVDF-co-HFP membranes exhibited larger and more interconnected macrovoids, contributing to enhanced mechanical flexibility. Contact angle measurements ranged from 56° to 79° for PVDF and 49°–85° for PVDF-co-HFP membranes, indicating tunable surface hydrophilicity. Porosity evaluation further revealed that PVDF-co-HFP membranes consistently exhibited higher porosity values (80% and 79%, respectively) than pure PVDF, even at higher polymer concentrations, due to the enhanced phase separation facilitated by the flexible HFP segments. The shrinkage test presented the maximum 58% area loss for the PVDF10/10 sample at 50 °C, while the other PVDF and all the PVDF-co-HFP membrane samples presented < 20% shrinkage, demonstrating high-dimensional stability. The thermal degradation presented three-step decompositions, with the PVDF and the PVDF-co-HFP proposing total weight losses of 88% and 85%, respectively, while the PVDF-co-HFP presented delayed onset of the degradation. Mechanically, the maximum tensile strength was presented by the PVDF20/15 with 9.2 MPa, while the maximum elongation at break was presented by the membrane sample of the PVDF-co-HFP15/15 with strain values 1.99, supporting improved flexibility. In general, the PVDF-co-HFP membrane provides balanced thermal resilience, mechanical strength, and wettability control, appropriate for advanced membrane applications.

Graphical abstract