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<p>In this work, three novel mandelic acid–cyclic amidine-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized through a straightforward proton-transfer reaction and further investigated as lubricant additives for PAO10. The results showed that these P and S-free PIL additives, featuring short alkyl chains, exhibited good solubility and tribological performance in PAO10 at only 0.5&#xa0;wt% addition. Notably, compared to the performance of PAO10, the addition of mandelic acid – 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU)-derived PIL could achieve a 60% reduction in the coefficient of friction and an 85% decrease in wear volume. Further analysis revealed that the unique <i>a</i>-hydroxyl acid and cyclic amidine structures produce multiple interactions, including proton acceptance, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption, and tribochemical reactivity; thus, formation of a powerful tribofilm including organic carbonaceous species and an inorganic iron oxides. Moreover, the renewable nature of mandelic acid, combined with the environmental-friendly and good tribological performance of these PILs, positions this work as a reference for the development of high-performance lubricant additives.</p>

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Significant friction and wear reduction using mandelic acid–cyclic amidine protic ionic liquids in polyalphaolefin lubricants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月23日

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  • Zijing Bai,
  • Yumeng Wang,
  • Yutong Zheng,
  • Wenjing Wang,
  • Jiaying Jian,
  • Peng Gao,
  • Zengyun Jian

摘要

In this work, three novel mandelic acid–cyclic amidine-based protic ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized through a straightforward proton-transfer reaction and further investigated as lubricant additives for PAO10. The results showed that these P and S-free PIL additives, featuring short alkyl chains, exhibited good solubility and tribological performance in PAO10 at only 0.5 wt% addition. Notably, compared to the performance of PAO10, the addition of mandelic acid – 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU)-derived PIL could achieve a 60% reduction in the coefficient of friction and an 85% decrease in wear volume. Further analysis revealed that the unique a-hydroxyl acid and cyclic amidine structures produce multiple interactions, including proton acceptance, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic adsorption, and tribochemical reactivity; thus, formation of a powerful tribofilm including organic carbonaceous species and an inorganic iron oxides. Moreover, the renewable nature of mandelic acid, combined with the environmental-friendly and good tribological performance of these PILs, positions this work as a reference for the development of high-performance lubricant additives.