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<p>Sulfur-functionalized porous carbons have garnered significant attention for multifunctional applications ranging from energy storage to environmental remediation. This study introduces an innovative single-step K<sub>2</sub>S activation strategy for converting renewable lignin into high-surface-area sulfur-enriched porous carbons with hierarchical porosity. The results showed that the activation parameters of K<sub>2</sub>S/lignin mass ratios (0.5:1 to 3:1) and thermal activation temperatures (600–850&#xa0;°C) critically govern the resultant pore structure, sulfur content (5.0–12.5&#xa0;wt%), and sulfur speciation distribution. The characterization reveals three dominant sulfur configurations: elemental (S<sup>0</sup>), thiophenic (C–S–C), and sulfonic (C–S=O) moieties, with their relative distribution being thermally modulable. Post-synthesis treatments through methanol extraction and thermal annealing (800&#xa0;°C/N<sub>2</sub>) were found to effectively eliminate pore-blocking S<sup>0</sup> species while enhancing textural properties, achieving exceptional Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas (2500&#xa0;m<sup>2</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>) and total pore volumes (2.4&#xa0;cm<sup>3</sup>&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>) at optimal conditions. This pore evolution suggests a dual mechanism where elemental sulfur acts as both a porogen and reactive intermediate during K<sub>2</sub>S activation. The optimized sulfur-containing porous carbons exhibited superior elemental mercury adsorption capacity (44&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup>), outperforming conventional sulfur-impregnated carbons. This work establishes K<sub>2</sub>S activation as a sustainable paradigm for fabricating hierarchically sulfur-containing porous carbons, combining renewable feedstocks with tailorable surface chemistry for advanced environmental applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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K2S-mediated hierarchical pore engineering in lignin-derived sulfur-enriched activated carbons for enhanced elemental mercury capture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月21日

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  • Bingying Li,
  • Mengen Zhong,
  • Songlin Zuo,
  • Debin Wang

摘要

Sulfur-functionalized porous carbons have garnered significant attention for multifunctional applications ranging from energy storage to environmental remediation. This study introduces an innovative single-step K2S activation strategy for converting renewable lignin into high-surface-area sulfur-enriched porous carbons with hierarchical porosity. The results showed that the activation parameters of K2S/lignin mass ratios (0.5:1 to 3:1) and thermal activation temperatures (600–850 °C) critically govern the resultant pore structure, sulfur content (5.0–12.5 wt%), and sulfur speciation distribution. The characterization reveals three dominant sulfur configurations: elemental (S0), thiophenic (C–S–C), and sulfonic (C–S=O) moieties, with their relative distribution being thermally modulable. Post-synthesis treatments through methanol extraction and thermal annealing (800 °C/N2) were found to effectively eliminate pore-blocking S0 species while enhancing textural properties, achieving exceptional Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface areas (2500 m2 g−1) and total pore volumes (2.4 cm3 g−1) at optimal conditions. This pore evolution suggests a dual mechanism where elemental sulfur acts as both a porogen and reactive intermediate during K2S activation. The optimized sulfur-containing porous carbons exhibited superior elemental mercury adsorption capacity (44 mg g−1), outperforming conventional sulfur-impregnated carbons. This work establishes K2S activation as a sustainable paradigm for fabricating hierarchically sulfur-containing porous carbons, combining renewable feedstocks with tailorable surface chemistry for advanced environmental applications.

Graphical abstract