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<p>Orthopedics faces a significant challenge in treating bone defects that are infected. A hopeful treatment approach involves managing infection and repairing bone defects concurrently. This study proposed a composite dual-functional scaffold of antibacterial (vancomycin, VANCO) and osteogenic (simvastatin, SIM) drugs. Glass–ceramic (GC) microparticles were synthesized through spray-drying, loaded with SIM molecules, and coated with carboxymethyl cellulose. A nozzle-based 3D printing method created a composite scaffold containing polylactic acid and SIM-loaded GC microparticles. Following the modification of the scaffold surface with oxygen plasma and attachment of aminosilane, VANCO was applied to the surface as an antibiotic. Adding microparticles to the sample led to a 40% increase in the storage modulus based on dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results, indicating higher stiffness. In the bioactivity test results, the composite sample showed increased apatite formation ability on its surface, with higher density and larger apatite crystals after 7 and 14&#xa0;days. The surface modification and increase in oxygen groups were verified by analyzing the scaffold surface’s morphological and chemical properties before and after plasma treatment using FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and XPS methods. The drug release behavior observed after one month revealed that VANCO had a sudden release of approximately 60% within the first 24&#xa0;h, while only 20% of SIM was released during this period. Studies on SIM release modeling across various samples indicate that Korsmeyer–Peppas and Weibull models are valid for analyzing release kinetics. The agar diffusion test (ADT) indicated inhibition zones of around 25 and 56&#xa0;mm for samples containing GC microparticles and VANCO, respectively. According to the direct contact test (DCT), the scaffold’s antibacterial effectiveness is 98% upon antibiotic release.</p> Graphical abstract <p>3D printing of composite bone scaffolds containing PLA and Simvastatin-loaded glass–ceramic microparticles. Following the modification of the scaffold surface with oxygen plasma and attachment of aminosilane, Vancomycin drug was applied to the surface as an antibiotic agent.</p> <p></p>

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Dual-functional drug delivery from 3D printed polylactic acid/glass ceramic scaffolds: combining antibacterial and osteogenic properties for craniofacial applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月5日

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  • Azadeh Saberi,
  • Behzad Aghabarari,
  • Aliasghar Behnamghader,
  • Aliakbar Yousefi,
  • Maria Victoria Martinez Huerta

摘要

Orthopedics faces a significant challenge in treating bone defects that are infected. A hopeful treatment approach involves managing infection and repairing bone defects concurrently. This study proposed a composite dual-functional scaffold of antibacterial (vancomycin, VANCO) and osteogenic (simvastatin, SIM) drugs. Glass–ceramic (GC) microparticles were synthesized through spray-drying, loaded with SIM molecules, and coated with carboxymethyl cellulose. A nozzle-based 3D printing method created a composite scaffold containing polylactic acid and SIM-loaded GC microparticles. Following the modification of the scaffold surface with oxygen plasma and attachment of aminosilane, VANCO was applied to the surface as an antibiotic. Adding microparticles to the sample led to a 40% increase in the storage modulus based on dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) results, indicating higher stiffness. In the bioactivity test results, the composite sample showed increased apatite formation ability on its surface, with higher density and larger apatite crystals after 7 and 14 days. The surface modification and increase in oxygen groups were verified by analyzing the scaffold surface’s morphological and chemical properties before and after plasma treatment using FESEM, ATR-FTIR, and XPS methods. The drug release behavior observed after one month revealed that VANCO had a sudden release of approximately 60% within the first 24 h, while only 20% of SIM was released during this period. Studies on SIM release modeling across various samples indicate that Korsmeyer–Peppas and Weibull models are valid for analyzing release kinetics. The agar diffusion test (ADT) indicated inhibition zones of around 25 and 56 mm for samples containing GC microparticles and VANCO, respectively. According to the direct contact test (DCT), the scaffold’s antibacterial effectiveness is 98% upon antibiotic release.

Graphical abstract

3D printing of composite bone scaffolds containing PLA and Simvastatin-loaded glass–ceramic microparticles. Following the modification of the scaffold surface with oxygen plasma and attachment of aminosilane, Vancomycin drug was applied to the surface as an antibiotic agent.