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<p>Hydrogel electrolytes are under investigation and optimization to replicate the electrochemical performance of liquid electrolyte while maintaining the packaging adaptability and leakage-free properties. Natural rubber (NR) was utilized as a new host polymer for the formulation of hydrogel electrolytes. NR was copolymerized with acrylamide (AAM) and sodium alginate (SA) under the presence of N, N’-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA), ammonium peroxydisulfate, and lithium hydroxide. Three different amounts of NR were added into the mixture, forming three samples of hydrogel electrolyte which are SA/AAM/NR1 (5 vol% NR content), SA/AAM/NR2 (10 vol% NR content), and SA/AAM/NR3 (15 vol% NR content). Through X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was proven that the prepared hydrogel electrolytes are amorphous and contain the functional groups found in SA, AAM, and NR. EIS suggested that SA/AAM/NR3 has the highest ionic conductivity of 9.424 mS/cm as well as the lowest activation energy of 0.1105&#xa0;eV. Thus, SA/AAM/NR3 is used to assemble electric double layer capacitor using graphite foil coated with either porous carbon (PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC) or activated carbon, respectively. CV and GCD studies show that PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC demonstrated the best electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 33.64 F/g at 5&#xa0;mV/s and 34.01 F/g at 100&#xa0;mA/g. The maximum power density of PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC is 866.79 W/kg with an energy density of 2.17&#xa0;Wh/kg. PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC also retains 81.26% of its capacitance after 1800 charge–discharge cycles.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Influence of natural rubber content on the electrochemical performance of sodium alginate/acrylamide/natural rubber hydrogel electrolyte supercapacitors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月12日

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  • Muhammad Zulnasri Mohd Said,
  • Fathiah Kamarulazam,
  • N. K. Farhana,
  • Pershaanaa Manogran,
  • Shahid Bashir,
  • S. Ramesh,
  • K. Ramesh

摘要

Hydrogel electrolytes are under investigation and optimization to replicate the electrochemical performance of liquid electrolyte while maintaining the packaging adaptability and leakage-free properties. Natural rubber (NR) was utilized as a new host polymer for the formulation of hydrogel electrolytes. NR was copolymerized with acrylamide (AAM) and sodium alginate (SA) under the presence of N, N’-methylene bis acrylamide (MBA), ammonium peroxydisulfate, and lithium hydroxide. Three different amounts of NR were added into the mixture, forming three samples of hydrogel electrolyte which are SA/AAM/NR1 (5 vol% NR content), SA/AAM/NR2 (10 vol% NR content), and SA/AAM/NR3 (15 vol% NR content). Through X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was proven that the prepared hydrogel electrolytes are amorphous and contain the functional groups found in SA, AAM, and NR. EIS suggested that SA/AAM/NR3 has the highest ionic conductivity of 9.424 mS/cm as well as the lowest activation energy of 0.1105 eV. Thus, SA/AAM/NR3 is used to assemble electric double layer capacitor using graphite foil coated with either porous carbon (PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC) or activated carbon, respectively. CV and GCD studies show that PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC demonstrated the best electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 33.64 F/g at 5 mV/s and 34.01 F/g at 100 mA/g. The maximum power density of PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC is 866.79 W/kg with an energy density of 2.17 Wh/kg. PC/SA/AAM/NR3/PC also retains 81.26% of its capacitance after 1800 charge–discharge cycles.

Graphical abstract