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<p>A polycrystalline phase-field finite element modeling was developed to systematically investigate the strengthening mechanisms in high-carbon quenching–partitioning–tempering (Q–P–T) steels, with focused comparative analysis of precipitation strengthening effects among distinct transition carbides during tempering. The simulation results revealed strengthening during tempering due to the carbide precipitation hardening and martensite/austenite interfacial strengthening. Specifically, the precipitation of carbides within the martensitic matrix markedly enhances the strength of martensite, while the pronounced high stress at martensite/austenite interface is effectively strengthening the austenite phase. The strengthening effect of carbide is governed by the orientation, stress distribution, and volume fraction. Among four prevalent transition carbides, <i>θ</i>-carbide (Fe<sub>3</sub>C), <i>ε</i>-carbide (Fe<sub>2.4</sub>C), <i>η</i>-carbide (Fe<sub>2</sub>C), and NaCl-type carbide (FeC), <i>η</i>-carbide exhibited the optimal strengthening performance. Combined with the theoretical models, this study quantitatively elucidated variations in strength and plasticity induced by differential carbide precipitation within the martensitic structure.</p>

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Strengthening mechanism of complex transition carbide (FexC) in quenching–partitioning–tempering steels

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月29日

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  • Yuchen Yang,
  • Hongqing Zheng,
  • Xunwei Zuo,
  • Jianfeng Wan,
  • Yonghua Rong,
  • Nailu Chen

摘要

A polycrystalline phase-field finite element modeling was developed to systematically investigate the strengthening mechanisms in high-carbon quenching–partitioning–tempering (Q–P–T) steels, with focused comparative analysis of precipitation strengthening effects among distinct transition carbides during tempering. The simulation results revealed strengthening during tempering due to the carbide precipitation hardening and martensite/austenite interfacial strengthening. Specifically, the precipitation of carbides within the martensitic matrix markedly enhances the strength of martensite, while the pronounced high stress at martensite/austenite interface is effectively strengthening the austenite phase. The strengthening effect of carbide is governed by the orientation, stress distribution, and volume fraction. Among four prevalent transition carbides, θ-carbide (Fe3C), ε-carbide (Fe2.4C), η-carbide (Fe2C), and NaCl-type carbide (FeC), η-carbide exhibited the optimal strengthening performance. Combined with the theoretical models, this study quantitatively elucidated variations in strength and plasticity induced by differential carbide precipitation within the martensitic structure.