<p>Supercapacitors (SC) with kHz frequency response have been reported for about a decade as a promising replacement for the bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors in AC line and other high-frequency signal filtering applications. Their adoption is primarily impeded by low voltage of operation, as the aqueous electrolyte constrains the cell voltage to approximately 1 V. This study demonstrates a kHz SC with operating voltage that is highest among aqueous electrolyte-based kHz SC reported for AC line filtering applications. The SC has reduced <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>TiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanotube array (R-<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>TiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) electrodes and uses 1&#xa0;M <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="48" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{H}_{2}\textrm{SO}_{4}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mtext>H</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <msub> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mn>4</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> electrolyte. The R-<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>TiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanotube electrode is synthesized by the anodization of a Ti sheet in an aqueous medium designed to obtain a precise control over the morphology. The R-<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="36" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mtext>TiO</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> nanotube electrode demonstrates an impressive areal capacitance of 900 <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>F <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\hbox {cm}^{-2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mtext>cm</mtext> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, a phase angle of <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(-82.6^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>82</mn> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mn>6</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and a characteristic frequency of 1.6 kHz. Additionally, it operates within a broad potential window of 2.3 V. The high areal capacitance and large voltage window lead to an impressive energy density (E <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\propto\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>∝</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\hbox {V}^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mtext>V</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) of 0.33 <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Wh <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10853_2025_11064_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="38" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\hbox {cm}^{-2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mtext>cm</mtext> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The SC successfully filters 60 Hz AC signals (sine, ramp, and square waveforms) into a smooth DC output. </p>

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kHz frequency response supercapacitor of large potential window using aqueous electrolyte

  • Jayant Nagar,
  • Raghav Goel,
  • Anupam Shukla

摘要

Supercapacitors (SC) with kHz frequency response have been reported for about a decade as a promising replacement for the bulky aluminum electrolytic capacitors in AC line and other high-frequency signal filtering applications. Their adoption is primarily impeded by low voltage of operation, as the aqueous electrolyte constrains the cell voltage to approximately 1 V. This study demonstrates a kHz SC with operating voltage that is highest among aqueous electrolyte-based kHz SC reported for AC line filtering applications. The SC has reduced \(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\) TiO 2 nanotube array (R- \(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\) TiO 2 ) electrodes and uses 1 M \({\textrm{H}_{2}\textrm{SO}_{4}}\) H 2 SO 4 electrolyte. The R- \(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\) TiO 2 nanotube electrode is synthesized by the anodization of a Ti sheet in an aqueous medium designed to obtain a precise control over the morphology. The R- \(\textrm{TiO}_{2}\) TiO 2 nanotube electrode demonstrates an impressive areal capacitance of 900 \(\mu\) μ F \(\hbox {cm}^{-2}\) cm - 2 , a phase angle of \(-82.6^{\circ }\) - 82 . 6 , and a characteristic frequency of 1.6 kHz. Additionally, it operates within a broad potential window of 2.3 V. The high areal capacitance and large voltage window lead to an impressive energy density (E \(\propto\) \(\hbox {V}^2\) V 2 ) of 0.33 \(\mu\) μ Wh \(\hbox {cm}^{-2}\) cm - 2 . The SC successfully filters 60 Hz AC signals (sine, ramp, and square waveforms) into a smooth DC output.