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<p>Sn alloys with minor alloying additions experience spontaneous surface deterioration during room-temperature (RT) aging, a phenomenon previously demonstrated as surface instability in the research. This raises surface quality concerns for its related industrial applications, such as fixed abrasive lapping plates utilized in the production of magnetic sliders for hard disk drives (HDDs). Surface instability was considered as a result of corresponding changes in the metallic structure of Sn alloys, stemming from the release of residual energy following mechanical process over exposure time. However, no specific strategies have been proposed to control surface instability during RT aging in Sn alloys. This work focuses on optimizing the compositions of Sn alloys and investigating the effects of Bi additions on such surface instability. As lapping plates materials, Sn-Bi alloys typically incorporate minor amount of Bi. In this work, Sn-Bi alloys with Bi additions of no more than 5&#xa0;wt.% were synthesized through dissolution and casting and then systematically compared with pure Sn. Results revealed that Sn alloys with more Bi additions, especially as Sn-5&#xa0;wt.% Bi, exhibit more stable surface over RT aging compared to pure Sn. It was also observed that Sn-5&#xa0;wt.% Bi presented the highest hardness among the tested compositions.</p>

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Effect of Bi additions on the microstructure evolution and surface instability during room-temperature aging of Sn alloys

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月1日

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  • Bei Hu,
  • Wenjun Zhou,
  • Kensuke Tsuchiya

摘要

Sn alloys with minor alloying additions experience spontaneous surface deterioration during room-temperature (RT) aging, a phenomenon previously demonstrated as surface instability in the research. This raises surface quality concerns for its related industrial applications, such as fixed abrasive lapping plates utilized in the production of magnetic sliders for hard disk drives (HDDs). Surface instability was considered as a result of corresponding changes in the metallic structure of Sn alloys, stemming from the release of residual energy following mechanical process over exposure time. However, no specific strategies have been proposed to control surface instability during RT aging in Sn alloys. This work focuses on optimizing the compositions of Sn alloys and investigating the effects of Bi additions on such surface instability. As lapping plates materials, Sn-Bi alloys typically incorporate minor amount of Bi. In this work, Sn-Bi alloys with Bi additions of no more than 5 wt.% were synthesized through dissolution and casting and then systematically compared with pure Sn. Results revealed that Sn alloys with more Bi additions, especially as Sn-5 wt.% Bi, exhibit more stable surface over RT aging compared to pure Sn. It was also observed that Sn-5 wt.% Bi presented the highest hardness among the tested compositions.