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<p>Despite the exceptional properties of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), their large-scale and controlled synthesis remains a significant challenge, limiting broader research and applications. This review systematically examines advanced synthesis methods for ultrafine BNNTs (&lt; 20&#xa0;nm), emphasizing techniques enabling precise structural control. These include traditional arc discharge, high-yield inductively coupled plasma (ICP), laser-based approaches for generating BNNTs fibrils at scale, and selective low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategies. Additionally, the review evaluates conventional and emerging surface modification strategies for BNNTs, highlighting their roles in enhancing solubility, stability, and interfacial compatibility. By integrating recent advancements in synthesis and functionalization, this work identifies critical gaps in current methodologies and proposes forward-looking perspectives to address challenges in scalable production, morphology-specific synthesis, and eco-compatible surface engineering. These insights aim to guide future research toward unlocking the full potential of BNNTs in advanced materials and nanotechnology.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Boron nitride nanotubes in ultrafine synthesis and surface modification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月24日

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  • Xin Li,
  • Zhen Liu,
  • Keping Yan

摘要

Despite the exceptional properties of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), their large-scale and controlled synthesis remains a significant challenge, limiting broader research and applications. This review systematically examines advanced synthesis methods for ultrafine BNNTs (< 20 nm), emphasizing techniques enabling precise structural control. These include traditional arc discharge, high-yield inductively coupled plasma (ICP), laser-based approaches for generating BNNTs fibrils at scale, and selective low-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD) strategies. Additionally, the review evaluates conventional and emerging surface modification strategies for BNNTs, highlighting their roles in enhancing solubility, stability, and interfacial compatibility. By integrating recent advancements in synthesis and functionalization, this work identifies critical gaps in current methodologies and proposes forward-looking perspectives to address challenges in scalable production, morphology-specific synthesis, and eco-compatible surface engineering. These insights aim to guide future research toward unlocking the full potential of BNNTs in advanced materials and nanotechnology.

Graphical abstract