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<p>Iatrogenic facial nerve injury remains one of the most challenging complications during parotidectomy, mainly due to the anatomical proximity between the facial nerve and adjacent tissues (the parotid gland and retromandibular vein). Unintentional injury can lead to long-term functional impairments and aesthetic concerns. We proposed a novel approach, referred to as the facial nerve detector (FND), which combines a flexible microelectrode with electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to distinguish the facial nerve from adjacent tissues. The electrical impedances of the facial nerve, parotid gland, and retromandibular vein in a cadaver were measured over the frequency range 100&#xa0;Hz to 100&#xa0;kHz. It revealed that a discrimination index that the differences in the real and imaginary part of the impedance between the facial nerve and adjacent tissues were most distinct at 158.36&#xa0;Hz and 198.62&#xa0;Hz, respectively. The values of conductivity for the facial nerve and adjacent tissues were estimated to be sufficiently distinguishable by 0.248 ± 0.006&#xa0;S/m, 0.228 ± 0.005&#xa0;S/m, and 0.221 ± 0.001&#xa0;S/m, respectively. These results highlight the potential of the proposed EIS-based detection system to enhance intraoperative visualization of the facial nerve, offering surgeons a real-time, label-free tool to improve surgical precision and reduce the risk of nerve injury during parotidectomy.</p>

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Identification of facial nerve using flexible electrodes via impedance spectroscopy during parotidectomy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月12日

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  • Jinhwan Kim,
  • Yangkyu Park,
  • Hyeon Woo Kim,
  • Hyong-Ho Cho

摘要

Iatrogenic facial nerve injury remains one of the most challenging complications during parotidectomy, mainly due to the anatomical proximity between the facial nerve and adjacent tissues (the parotid gland and retromandibular vein). Unintentional injury can lead to long-term functional impairments and aesthetic concerns. We proposed a novel approach, referred to as the facial nerve detector (FND), which combines a flexible microelectrode with electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to distinguish the facial nerve from adjacent tissues. The electrical impedances of the facial nerve, parotid gland, and retromandibular vein in a cadaver were measured over the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 kHz. It revealed that a discrimination index that the differences in the real and imaginary part of the impedance between the facial nerve and adjacent tissues were most distinct at 158.36 Hz and 198.62 Hz, respectively. The values of conductivity for the facial nerve and adjacent tissues were estimated to be sufficiently distinguishable by 0.248 ± 0.006 S/m, 0.228 ± 0.005 S/m, and 0.221 ± 0.001 S/m, respectively. These results highlight the potential of the proposed EIS-based detection system to enhance intraoperative visualization of the facial nerve, offering surgeons a real-time, label-free tool to improve surgical precision and reduce the risk of nerve injury during parotidectomy.