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<p>This short communication is intended to draw attention to the Moselle Apollo (<i>Parnassius apollo vinningensis</i> Stichel, 1899) which is on the verge of extinction. The formerly largest Apollo population outside the Alps in Germany in the lower Moselle Valley has declined drastically by up to 90% with a sudden onset after 2011. Three main causes for this decline can be hypothesised: climate change, deterioration in habitat quality and the impact of helicopter spraying with fungicides in viticulture. We analysed the trend of all four recent extra-alpine <i>P. apollo</i> populations in Germany. While two of the four sites show a stable trend (Kleinziegenfelder Valley in the Northern Franconian Jura and Blaubeuren in the Swabian Jura), the reference population in the Altmühl Valley (Southern Franconian Jura) dropped to a lower but stable level after 2015. However, the development at the Moselle is extraordinarily negative. Although it seems plausible that climate-related events play a role, our study does not provide evidence for climate change as the main cause of the sudden and sustained loss of <i>P. apollo vinningensis</i>. Many habitats in the Moselle Valley were already lost far before 2011 due to land consolidation and abandonment of vineyards during the late 20th century. Spraying of modern fungicides by helicopter in viticulture in very close proximity to the butterfly´s habitats should be considered as a driver of its demise. Implications for insect conservation: The impact of pesticides, especially modern fungicides, on non-target organisms requires more attention.</p>

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Parnassius apollo vinningensis: a victim of climate change?

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月4日

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  • Tim Laußmann,
  • Adam Geyer,
  • Thomas Bamann,
  • Daniel Müller

摘要

This short communication is intended to draw attention to the Moselle Apollo (Parnassius apollo vinningensis Stichel, 1899) which is on the verge of extinction. The formerly largest Apollo population outside the Alps in Germany in the lower Moselle Valley has declined drastically by up to 90% with a sudden onset after 2011. Three main causes for this decline can be hypothesised: climate change, deterioration in habitat quality and the impact of helicopter spraying with fungicides in viticulture. We analysed the trend of all four recent extra-alpine P. apollo populations in Germany. While two of the four sites show a stable trend (Kleinziegenfelder Valley in the Northern Franconian Jura and Blaubeuren in the Swabian Jura), the reference population in the Altmühl Valley (Southern Franconian Jura) dropped to a lower but stable level after 2015. However, the development at the Moselle is extraordinarily negative. Although it seems plausible that climate-related events play a role, our study does not provide evidence for climate change as the main cause of the sudden and sustained loss of P. apollo vinningensis. Many habitats in the Moselle Valley were already lost far before 2011 due to land consolidation and abandonment of vineyards during the late 20th century. Spraying of modern fungicides by helicopter in viticulture in very close proximity to the butterfly´s habitats should be considered as a driver of its demise. Implications for insect conservation: The impact of pesticides, especially modern fungicides, on non-target organisms requires more attention.