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<p>TiO<sub>2</sub>-based nanostructured materials have emerged as promising electrode candidates for next-generation supercapacitors due to their low cost, environmental benignity, chemical stability, and tunable physicochemical properties. In recent years, significant progress has been made in engineering nanoscale TiO<sub>2</sub> to overcome its intrinsic limitations, particularly its low electrical conductivity and moderate capacitance. This comprehensive review critically summarizes recent advances in TiO<sub>2</sub>-based nanostructured electrodes for supercapacitor applications, with an emphasis on charge-storage mechanisms, crystal-phase effects, nanostructure design, and hybrid material strategies. The roles of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanosheets, and hierarchical architectures in enhancing ion transport, surface reactivity, and electrochemical performance are systematically discussed. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of TiO<sub>2</sub> combined with carbon materials, conducting polymers, and other metal oxides are analyzed in terms of specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability. A comparative evaluation of TiO<sub>2</sub>-based electrodes with conventional carbon- and transition-metal-oxide-based materials is also provided. Key challenges, including poor intrinsic conductivity, limited utilization of active sites, and scalability issues, are identified. Finally, future research directions are proposed, focusing on advanced nanostructuring, interface engineering, and the development of high-performance, flexible, and sustainable supercapacitor devices.</p>

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TiO2-Based Nanostructured Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Comprehensive Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Vicran Zharvan,
  • Eko Hadi Sujiono,
  • Kuwat Triyana

摘要

TiO2-based nanostructured materials have emerged as promising electrode candidates for next-generation supercapacitors due to their low cost, environmental benignity, chemical stability, and tunable physicochemical properties. In recent years, significant progress has been made in engineering nanoscale TiO2 to overcome its intrinsic limitations, particularly its low electrical conductivity and moderate capacitance. This comprehensive review critically summarizes recent advances in TiO2-based nanostructured electrodes for supercapacitor applications, with an emphasis on charge-storage mechanisms, crystal-phase effects, nanostructure design, and hybrid material strategies. The roles of TiO2 nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, nanosheets, and hierarchical architectures in enhancing ion transport, surface reactivity, and electrochemical performance are systematically discussed. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of TiO2 combined with carbon materials, conducting polymers, and other metal oxides are analyzed in terms of specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability. A comparative evaluation of TiO2-based electrodes with conventional carbon- and transition-metal-oxide-based materials is also provided. Key challenges, including poor intrinsic conductivity, limited utilization of active sites, and scalability issues, are identified. Finally, future research directions are proposed, focusing on advanced nanostructuring, interface engineering, and the development of high-performance, flexible, and sustainable supercapacitor devices.