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<p>Across Europe, changes in the labour market structure and fertility rates have been pressuring countries to adopt policies that support parenthood. Previous research has analysed parental leaves but has not compared other types of family support, such as access to childcare services or work arrangements. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the public policies implemented in 2022/2023 across 12 European countries through document analysis. Despite the international regulations, high heterogeneity was found. Some countries, such as Sweden and Norway, promoted well-compensated individual parental leaves, higher leave take-up rates among mothers and fathers, working time flexibility, and full-time childcare services. Conversely, others, such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal, showed limited public spending, fragmented public childcare services, short well-paid parental leaves, and an imbalance in leave take-up rates among mothers and fathers. This comparative analysis highlights and discusses the existing policy options according to countries’ economic, social, and demographic outcomes.</p>

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Balancing Work and Parenthood - A Comparative Analysis of Policies across European Countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月28日

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  • Ana Sofia Monteiro Maia,
  • Margarida Miguel Costeira E. Pereira,
  • Joana Maria Correia Amaro,
  • Sílvia Jesus da Silva Fraga,
  • Svenn-Erik Mamelund,
  • Julian Alejandro Perelman,
  • Teresa Isabel Costa Leão

摘要

Across Europe, changes in the labour market structure and fertility rates have been pressuring countries to adopt policies that support parenthood. Previous research has analysed parental leaves but has not compared other types of family support, such as access to childcare services or work arrangements. This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of the public policies implemented in 2022/2023 across 12 European countries through document analysis. Despite the international regulations, high heterogeneity was found. Some countries, such as Sweden and Norway, promoted well-compensated individual parental leaves, higher leave take-up rates among mothers and fathers, working time flexibility, and full-time childcare services. Conversely, others, such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal, showed limited public spending, fragmented public childcare services, short well-paid parental leaves, and an imbalance in leave take-up rates among mothers and fathers. This comparative analysis highlights and discusses the existing policy options according to countries’ economic, social, and demographic outcomes.