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<p>Primary recognition of water pollutants remains challenging due to the restrictions in sensitivity and resolution of conventional sensors. The present study shows a multilayer sensor configuration containing black phosphorus (BP) for improved electric field confinement and cerium trifluoride (CeF<sub>3</sub>) for optimized low loss dielectric tuning capacity in the Kretschmann configuration, enabling sensitive refractive index sensing in water solution (1.33–1.40). Transfer matrix method (TMM) simulations analyze multilayer optical responses and performance metrics, while COMSOL provides electric field visualizations that validate enhanced evanescent coupling. The proposed numerical study gives superior performance with a maximum sensitivity of 417.1104 deg/RIU, detection accuracy of 0.306937 deg<sup>−1</sup>, and a figure of merit of 128.0265 RIU<sup>−1</sup>, outperforming conventional metal-only surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor designs. This study establishes the BP–CeF<sub>3</sub> hybrid approach for applications like water quality analysis with environmental monitoring.</p>

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Sensitivity tuning of SPR sensor for the detection of water pollutants using black phosphorus and CeF3

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Partha Sarkar,
  • Youssef Trabelsi,
  • Arun Uniyal,
  • Ajit Debnath,
  • H. R. Manjunath,
  • Subhashree Ray,
  • Ajay Singh,
  • Gufranullah Ansari,
  • Vineet Dubey,
  • Amrindra Pal

摘要

Primary recognition of water pollutants remains challenging due to the restrictions in sensitivity and resolution of conventional sensors. The present study shows a multilayer sensor configuration containing black phosphorus (BP) for improved electric field confinement and cerium trifluoride (CeF3) for optimized low loss dielectric tuning capacity in the Kretschmann configuration, enabling sensitive refractive index sensing in water solution (1.33–1.40). Transfer matrix method (TMM) simulations analyze multilayer optical responses and performance metrics, while COMSOL provides electric field visualizations that validate enhanced evanescent coupling. The proposed numerical study gives superior performance with a maximum sensitivity of 417.1104 deg/RIU, detection accuracy of 0.306937 deg−1, and a figure of merit of 128.0265 RIU−1, outperforming conventional metal-only surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor designs. This study establishes the BP–CeF3 hybrid approach for applications like water quality analysis with environmental monitoring.