<p>Transcriptomics has emerged as a crucial methodology for deciphering gene expression and regulatory networks, offering novel insights and robust scientific support for advancing assisted reproductive technologies (ART). This review synthesizes current knowledge on the transcriptome profiles of germ cells and early embryos, elucidating key molecular signatures associated with developmental potential, maturation processes, and embryo quality. It further demonstrates the application of transcriptomics in preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), enhancing embryo selection precision through the screening of chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders. Additionally, the review highlights the significant value of transcriptomic approaches in evaluating embryonic developmental potential and optimizing in vitro culture conditions. Collectively, these applications provide a strong foundation for improving ART success rates and advancing personalized treatment strategies.</p>