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<p>Seaweed-based biostimulants such as <i>Kappaphycus alvarezii</i>, are used to improve crop growth and productivity, with proven efficacy. However, limited studies have explored their role in root nodule development and maturation. The present investigation was carried out with the objective to understand the underlying molecular aspects&#xa0;in mature nodules of black gram (<i>Vigna mungo</i> (L.) Hepper) following <i>K. alvarezii</i> seaweed-based biostimulant application at 45 days after sowing (DAS) by studying the transcriptomics of the host tissue of nodules. RNA-seq generated 250.2 million raw reads, with 196.4 million high-quality reads which were used for genome-guided de novo assembly. This resulted in 54,759 non-redundant assembled transcripts, with an average length of 1,049 bp. BUSCO analysis showed 96.9% completeness, identifying 247 complete core genes and 80 single-copy genes. DESeq2 analysis revealed 152 up-regulated and 259 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). At a stricter q-value threshold of ≤0.05, 37 up-regulated and 50 down-regulated DEGs were identified. Gene ontology (GO) analysis highlighted enriched terms related to ATP binding, root development, protein kinase activity, response to jasmonic acid, calmodulin binding were down-regulated relatively higher. Enrichment pertaining to photosynthesis regulation, cellular response to sucrose stimulus and immune response suppression were observed the most in up-regulated DEGs. KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment in plant hormone signaling, starch and sugar metabolism in both up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs. Pathways such linoleic acid metabolism, inositol signaling system and inositol phosphate metabolism were significantly enriched in down-regulated DEGs, and sulfur metabolism, galactose metabolism, and other glycan degradation were enriched in up-regulated DEGs. qPCR analysis of genes showed a good correlation with transcriptomics data. Genes such as those for proteases, ubiquitin ligase, peroxidases and senescence-associated genes (SAGs) like ethylene response factor, NAC domain-containing protein, and sugar transporters (MFS, ERD6) were down-regulated in addition to genes involved in bacterial defense, including Calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 2 (CRCK2), Calmodulin-binding protein 60 (CBP60), and Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 4 (CAMTA4), suggesting that KSWE application may delay nodule senescence. Overall, the findings suggest that application of KSWE helps maintain nodule activity at the functional mature stage in black gram by modulating senescence-related pathways and metabolic processes.</p>

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Transcriptomic analysis of the root nodules in black gram following foliar application of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed-based biostimulant

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Vijay Anand K. Gopalakrishnan,
  • Tejas C. Bosamia,
  • Sananda Mondal,
  • Nirali Thakkar,
  • Jalak Maniar,
  • Pradipkumar Vaghela,
  • Avinash Mishra,
  • Arup Ghosh

摘要

Seaweed-based biostimulants such as Kappaphycus alvarezii, are used to improve crop growth and productivity, with proven efficacy. However, limited studies have explored their role in root nodule development and maturation. The present investigation was carried out with the objective to understand the underlying molecular aspects in mature nodules of black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) following K. alvarezii seaweed-based biostimulant application at 45 days after sowing (DAS) by studying the transcriptomics of the host tissue of nodules. RNA-seq generated 250.2 million raw reads, with 196.4 million high-quality reads which were used for genome-guided de novo assembly. This resulted in 54,759 non-redundant assembled transcripts, with an average length of 1,049 bp. BUSCO analysis showed 96.9% completeness, identifying 247 complete core genes and 80 single-copy genes. DESeq2 analysis revealed 152 up-regulated and 259 down-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). At a stricter q-value threshold of ≤0.05, 37 up-regulated and 50 down-regulated DEGs were identified. Gene ontology (GO) analysis highlighted enriched terms related to ATP binding, root development, protein kinase activity, response to jasmonic acid, calmodulin binding were down-regulated relatively higher. Enrichment pertaining to photosynthesis regulation, cellular response to sucrose stimulus and immune response suppression were observed the most in up-regulated DEGs. KEGG pathway analysis showed enrichment in plant hormone signaling, starch and sugar metabolism in both up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs. Pathways such linoleic acid metabolism, inositol signaling system and inositol phosphate metabolism were significantly enriched in down-regulated DEGs, and sulfur metabolism, galactose metabolism, and other glycan degradation were enriched in up-regulated DEGs. qPCR analysis of genes showed a good correlation with transcriptomics data. Genes such as those for proteases, ubiquitin ligase, peroxidases and senescence-associated genes (SAGs) like ethylene response factor, NAC domain-containing protein, and sugar transporters (MFS, ERD6) were down-regulated in addition to genes involved in bacterial defense, including Calmodulin-binding receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase 2 (CRCK2), Calmodulin-binding protein 60 (CBP60), and Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 4 (CAMTA4), suggesting that KSWE application may delay nodule senescence. Overall, the findings suggest that application of KSWE helps maintain nodule activity at the functional mature stage in black gram by modulating senescence-related pathways and metabolic processes.