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<p>Developing efficient and easily recoverable adsorbents for dye-laden wastewater remains a key objective in sustainable water treatment, particularly when low-cost, bio-based precursors are used. This study valorizes <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> biomass into a magnetic biosorbent for the rapid removal of methylene blue (MB) from water. Defatted <i>C. vulgaris</i> (DCV), obtained after lipid extraction and used as a surrogate for microalgal biorefinery residue, was activated with phosphoric acid and subsequently magnetized via Fe<sup>2</sup>⁺/Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺ co-precipitation to yield a triple-modified composite (MDCV/Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>). XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS, BET, and VSM analyses confirmed successful Fe₃O₄ incorporation and pronounced structural changes, including an increase in BET surface area to 25.20 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> and superparamagnetic behavior (Mₛ = 38.89 emu g<sup>−1</sup>), enabling fast magnetic separation. Batch biosorption experiments were conducted as a function of pH, temperature, contact time, biosorbent dosage, and initial MB concentration. Under optimized conditions (pH 7, 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> MB, 15 mg MDCV/Fe₃O₄, 45 °C), a maximum MB uptake of 32.44 mg g<sup>−1</sup> was achieved within 5 min, representing more than a threefold improvement over raw wet <i>C. vulgaris</i> (RCV) and highlighting the very fast adsorption kinetics. The process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating heterogeneous and favorable adsorption. Overall, integrating lipid extraction, chemical activation, and magnetic functionalization offers a sustainable route to convert <i>C. vulgaris</i> residues into an efficient, magnetically recoverable biosorbent with strong potential for treating dye-contaminated wastewater.</p>

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Valorization of defatted Chlorella vulgaris residue into a magnetic biosorbent for rapid methylene blue removal from water

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Sahar Naziri,
  • Mohammad Hossein Sheikhsofla,
  • Zeinab Salehi

摘要

Developing efficient and easily recoverable adsorbents for dye-laden wastewater remains a key objective in sustainable water treatment, particularly when low-cost, bio-based precursors are used. This study valorizes Chlorella vulgaris biomass into a magnetic biosorbent for the rapid removal of methylene blue (MB) from water. Defatted C. vulgaris (DCV), obtained after lipid extraction and used as a surrogate for microalgal biorefinery residue, was activated with phosphoric acid and subsequently magnetized via Fe2⁺/Fe3⁺ co-precipitation to yield a triple-modified composite (MDCV/Fe3O4). XRD, FTIR, SEM–EDS, BET, and VSM analyses confirmed successful Fe₃O₄ incorporation and pronounced structural changes, including an increase in BET surface area to 25.20 m2 g−1 and superparamagnetic behavior (Mₛ = 38.89 emu g−1), enabling fast magnetic separation. Batch biosorption experiments were conducted as a function of pH, temperature, contact time, biosorbent dosage, and initial MB concentration. Under optimized conditions (pH 7, 100 mg L−1 MB, 15 mg MDCV/Fe₃O₄, 45 °C), a maximum MB uptake of 32.44 mg g−1 was achieved within 5 min, representing more than a threefold improvement over raw wet C. vulgaris (RCV) and highlighting the very fast adsorption kinetics. The process followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, while the equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm, indicating heterogeneous and favorable adsorption. Overall, integrating lipid extraction, chemical activation, and magnetic functionalization offers a sustainable route to convert C. vulgaris residues into an efficient, magnetically recoverable biosorbent with strong potential for treating dye-contaminated wastewater.