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<p>Kelp forests are among the most extensive and productive coastal ecosystems, yet they remain underrepresented in global conservation policy despite widespread declines driven by interacting global- (i.e., ocean warming, marine heatwaves) to local-scale stressors. At the same time, kelp conservation and restoration efforts are expanding rapidly across regions, but measures of success and syntheses tend to primarily focus on ecological conditions and trends, not on conservation and restoration actions. To fill this gap, we developed a comparative global dataset of kelp conservation initiatives based on expert-derived regional narratives from 209 participants spanning 35 regions with kelp forests. We applied a structured presence–absence scoring framework across six domains: conservation actions, restoration approaches, governance actors, conservation objectives, social dimensions, and funding structures, supplemented by regional expert knowledge to enable cross-regional comparison. Across regions, conservation was characterised by strong emphasis on monitoring (86% of regions), multi-actor governance (scientific institutions 94%, government agencies 86%), and protecting existing forests (66%), while active restoration was undertaken in half of the regions. Social engagement (66%) and links to fisheries and livelihoods (69%) were widespread, whereas explicit climate adaptation objectives were less common (17%). We identify a set of conservation profiles that describe how kelp forest conservation is advancing in different ecological and governance contexts worldwide. These findings highlight that scaling kelp conservation is as dependent on the social, financial, institutional, and policy systems that govern implementation, as it is on ecological knowledge and technical capacity. By bridging regional knowledge with global analysis, this study provides a framework for aligning locally grounded conservation action with global biodiversity targets.</p>

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Global patterns and regional insights into kelp forest protection, restoration, and stewardship

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Aaron M. Eger,
  • Adriana Verges,
  • Akshata MehtaFalkland Islands,
  • Albert Pessarrodona,
  • Alejandra Mora-Soto,
  • Alejandro Bernal-Ibáñez,
  • Aleksandra Smorygo,
  • Alexandria M. Niese,
  • Alexis Savard-Drouin,
  • Andrew Kalani Carlson,
  • Ang Put Jr.,
  • Annalisa Falace,
  • Anne Marie Power,
  • Asbjorn Olafur Asbjornsson,
  • Benedikt Schrofner-Brunner,
  • Bernabé Moreno,
  • Bianca Reis,
  • Boris Solovyev,
  • Bree Turner,
  • Brian Timmer,
  • Bruno Cevallos,
  • Camille Lavoie,
  • Carolina Olguín-Jacobson,
  • Carolina Pantano,
  • Chang Geun Choi,
  • Cristian Lagger,
  • Cristina Piñeiro-Corbeira,
  • Cynthia Harbison,
  • Daniel Gonzalez-Aragon,
  • Daniel Okamoto,
  • Daniel T. I. Bayley,
  • Danielle C. Claar,
  • David Jacinto,
  • Dillon Dolinar,
  • Ekaterina Bubnova,
  • Eliseo Fica-Rojas,
  • Finn J. Ryder,
  • Fiorenza Micheli,
  • Frances Dickinson,
  • Francis Juanes,
  • Francisco Arenas,
  • Georgina Wood,
  • Gregory N. Nishihara,
  • Gretchen S. Grebe,
  • Guillermo Torres Moye,
  • Hannah Scarlett Earp,
  • Gwiisihlgaa Daniel McNeill,
  • Hartvig Christie,
  • Hayley R. T. Stent,
  • Hilary Hayford,
  • Hunter Forbes,
  • Ignacio Gestoso,
  • J. David Aguirre,
  • Isla Twigg,
  • Jacqueline B. Pocklington,
  • Jan Freiwald,
  • Janet Kübler,
  • Jannes Landschoff,
  • Jaraj Padilla-Vallejos,
  • Jasmin M. Schuster,
  • Jean-Charles Leclerc,
  • Jeff M. Whitty,
  • Jennifer Smith,
  • Jessica Anayansi Garcia-Pantoja,
  • João N. Franco,
  • Jón Tómas Magnússon,
  • Jorge Torre,
  • Jose Avila-Peltroche,
  • Jose Miguel Sandoval-Gil,
  • Julia K. Baum,
  • Julia Mayer,
  • Julio Lorda,
  • Katelyn Meyer,
  • Kathleen MacGregor,
  • Kate Schoenrock-Rossiter,
  • Kaylah E. Gawne,
  • Kelsey Irene Miller,
  • Magnus Kjell Norderhaug,
  • Kylee Lightbody,
  • Lars Gamfeldt,
  • Lauren N. Dykman,
  • Leeann B. Ennis,
  • Lexi N. Wilkes,
  • Lilja Gunnarsdóttir,
  • Lineekela Kandjengo,
  • Loyiso A. V. Dunga,
  • Luba Y. Reshitnyk,
  • Ljiljana Ivesa,
  • Luis Malpica-Cruz,
  • Maisie R. Roy-Musor,
  • Manuel Vivanco-Bercovich,
  • Lynn Chi Lee,
  • Mauricio Palacios,
  • Maximilien Wolf,
  • Mohammad Sedarat,
  • Nadescha Zwerschke,
  • Naoki H. Kumagai,
  • Narissa Bax,
  • Natalie Zembsch,
  • Nova Mieszkowska,
  • Nur Arafeh-Dalmau,
  • Patrick Gagnon,
  • Paul E. Brewin,
  • Philippe Archambault,
  • Pike Spector,
  • Paulo Horta,
  • Pippa Moore,
  • Prue Francis,
  • Quentin Ternon,
  • Rebecca Cates,
  • Roberto A. Uribe,
  • Rodney Forster,
  • Rodrigo Beas-Luna,
  • Romina Vanessa Barbosa,
  • Rosalie J. Harris,
  • Ruby Burns,
  • Rory O’Callaghan,
  • Ryuta Terada,
  • Salome Buglass,
  • Ryan Davies,
  • Samuel Starko,
  • Sara Barrientos,
  • Sara L. Hamilton,
  • Shingo Akita,
  • Sofie Vranken,
  • Tatí Benjumea,
  • Thibaut de Bettignies,
  • Thomas Mumford,
  • Thomas Saucède,
  • Tom Calvanese,
  • Tom Campbell,
  • Tomohiro Kuwae,
  • Tony O’Callaghan,
  • Tristin Anoush McHugh,
  • Veronica Farrugia Drakard,
  • Zhongmin Sun,
  • Zimin Hu

摘要

Kelp forests are among the most extensive and productive coastal ecosystems, yet they remain underrepresented in global conservation policy despite widespread declines driven by interacting global- (i.e., ocean warming, marine heatwaves) to local-scale stressors. At the same time, kelp conservation and restoration efforts are expanding rapidly across regions, but measures of success and syntheses tend to primarily focus on ecological conditions and trends, not on conservation and restoration actions. To fill this gap, we developed a comparative global dataset of kelp conservation initiatives based on expert-derived regional narratives from 209 participants spanning 35 regions with kelp forests. We applied a structured presence–absence scoring framework across six domains: conservation actions, restoration approaches, governance actors, conservation objectives, social dimensions, and funding structures, supplemented by regional expert knowledge to enable cross-regional comparison. Across regions, conservation was characterised by strong emphasis on monitoring (86% of regions), multi-actor governance (scientific institutions 94%, government agencies 86%), and protecting existing forests (66%), while active restoration was undertaken in half of the regions. Social engagement (66%) and links to fisheries and livelihoods (69%) were widespread, whereas explicit climate adaptation objectives were less common (17%). We identify a set of conservation profiles that describe how kelp forest conservation is advancing in different ecological and governance contexts worldwide. These findings highlight that scaling kelp conservation is as dependent on the social, financial, institutional, and policy systems that govern implementation, as it is on ecological knowledge and technical capacity. By bridging regional knowledge with global analysis, this study provides a framework for aligning locally grounded conservation action with global biodiversity targets.