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<p>C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), a water-soluble phycobiliprotein from <i>Arthrospira</i>&#xa0;(Spirulina), possesses significant commercial value for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications due to its natural blue colouration and bioactive properties. However, conventional production methods, involving freeze/spray-drying and complex, multi-step purification processes, impose substantial costs that limit widespread commercialisation, particularly in resource-limited settings. Addressing this barrier is critical for enabling equitable access to C-PC production globally and for reducing reliance on synthetic alternatives. This study presents the first characterisation of C-PC from a local&#xa0;<i>Limnospira&#xa0;(Arthrospira) platensis</i> strain in Bangladesh, systematically evaluating cost-effective drying, extraction, and purification methods. Among employed drying techniques, low-humidity air-drying at 25°C preserved approximately 95.4% of extractable C-PC content (160.87&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> DW) relative to freeze-drying (168.59&#xa0;mg&#xa0;g<sup>−1</sup> DW). Biomass drying at 25°C was accelerated with humidity reduction (&lt; 25%), and the drying time (24&#xa0;h) was comparable to other reported methods. Shaking-assisted aqueous extraction of C-PC at a 1:30 solvent-to-biomass ratio for 16&#xa0;h at 25°C exceeded 85% C-PC extraction efficiency, with food-grade purity (≥ 0.86). Single-step purification of crude C-PC extracts at 25&#xa0;°C using activated charcoal adsorption with 60&#xa0;g L<sup>−1</sup> charcoal for 16&#xa0;h yielded cosmetic-grade C-PC (≥ 2.19) with more than 70% recovery. UV–vis, fluorescence, and infrared spectra of the lyophilised C-PC preparations confirmed structural integrity comparable to the analytical reference standard. Purified C-PC exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (IC<sub>50</sub> 574.4–620.1&#xa0;µg&#xa0;mL<sup>−1</sup>) in DPPH radical scavenging assay and moderate cytotoxicity (LC<sub>50</sub> 78.6–122.5&#xa0;µg&#xa0;mL⁻<sup>1</sup>) in brine shrimp lethality bioassays. Additionally, heavy metal content in the fresh Spirulina biomass remained within regulatory limits. By demonstrating that cosmetic-grade C-PC can be produced using accessible, low-energy methods without compromising quality or bioactivity, this study provides a potential replicable model for C-PC production within limited infrastructure.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Characterisation of single-step charcoal-purified cosmetic-grade C-phycocyanin produced from native Arthrospira platensis in Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Anthony Samit Baidya,
  • Natasha Nafisa Haque,
  • Safaet Alam,
  • Shyama Prosad Moulick,
  • Chapol Kumar Roy,
  • John Liton Munshi

摘要

C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), a water-soluble phycobiliprotein from Arthrospira (Spirulina), possesses significant commercial value for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications due to its natural blue colouration and bioactive properties. However, conventional production methods, involving freeze/spray-drying and complex, multi-step purification processes, impose substantial costs that limit widespread commercialisation, particularly in resource-limited settings. Addressing this barrier is critical for enabling equitable access to C-PC production globally and for reducing reliance on synthetic alternatives. This study presents the first characterisation of C-PC from a local Limnospira (Arthrospira) platensis strain in Bangladesh, systematically evaluating cost-effective drying, extraction, and purification methods. Among employed drying techniques, low-humidity air-drying at 25°C preserved approximately 95.4% of extractable C-PC content (160.87 mg g−1 DW) relative to freeze-drying (168.59 mg g−1 DW). Biomass drying at 25°C was accelerated with humidity reduction (< 25%), and the drying time (24 h) was comparable to other reported methods. Shaking-assisted aqueous extraction of C-PC at a 1:30 solvent-to-biomass ratio for 16 h at 25°C exceeded 85% C-PC extraction efficiency, with food-grade purity (≥ 0.86). Single-step purification of crude C-PC extracts at 25 °C using activated charcoal adsorption with 60 g L−1 charcoal for 16 h yielded cosmetic-grade C-PC (≥ 2.19) with more than 70% recovery. UV–vis, fluorescence, and infrared spectra of the lyophilised C-PC preparations confirmed structural integrity comparable to the analytical reference standard. Purified C-PC exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 574.4–620.1 µg mL−1) in DPPH radical scavenging assay and moderate cytotoxicity (LC50 78.6–122.5 µg mL⁻1) in brine shrimp lethality bioassays. Additionally, heavy metal content in the fresh Spirulina biomass remained within regulatory limits. By demonstrating that cosmetic-grade C-PC can be produced using accessible, low-energy methods without compromising quality or bioactivity, this study provides a potential replicable model for C-PC production within limited infrastructure.

Graphical Abstract