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<p>The marine dinoflagellate <i>Alexandrium catenella</i> is known to cause harmful algal blooms (HABs) and can produce neurotoxins. Temperature is recognized as one of the key factors regulating its growth and toxin production; however, the specific role of temperature-responsive genes in the dinoflagellate remains unclear. Here, we determined two cold shock protein (<i>CSP</i>) genes (designated as <i>AcCSP1</i> and <i>AcCSP2</i>) in the toxic <i>A. catenella</i> and examined their molecular characteristics and gene expression patterns under temperature and metal stresses. Genomic DNA (gDNA) of <i>AcCSP1</i> and <i>AcCSP2</i> encoded open reading frames of 339 and 447&#xa0;bp, respectively, without introns. They might be directed to the mitochondria and nucleus, as judged by each signal peptide. Structural comparisons revealed that AcCSP1 contains a cold shock domain (CSD), while AcCSP2 has an identical domain and an additional zinc-finger (ZF) domain at the C-terminal. A phylogenetic tree separated AcCSP1 and AcCSP2 into distinct clades, clustering with other CSP dinoflagellates. The results of qRT-PCR showed that both genes were upregulated in response to cold stress and downregulated under heat stress within 24&#xa0;h. Additionally, both <i>AcCSP</i> genes were induced by copper exposure, whereas only <i>AcCSP2</i> expression levels increased significantly under nickel stress. These results suggest the role of dinoflagellate <i>CSPs</i> in temperature adaptation and the involvement of additional domains in their functions.</p>

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Multi-functional roles of cold shock protein genes (CSPs) in the toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella: assessment of cold, heat, and metal stress

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Quynh Thi Nhu Bui,
  • Han-Sol Kim,
  • Jang-Seu Ki

摘要

The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella is known to cause harmful algal blooms (HABs) and can produce neurotoxins. Temperature is recognized as one of the key factors regulating its growth and toxin production; however, the specific role of temperature-responsive genes in the dinoflagellate remains unclear. Here, we determined two cold shock protein (CSP) genes (designated as AcCSP1 and AcCSP2) in the toxic A. catenella and examined their molecular characteristics and gene expression patterns under temperature and metal stresses. Genomic DNA (gDNA) of AcCSP1 and AcCSP2 encoded open reading frames of 339 and 447 bp, respectively, without introns. They might be directed to the mitochondria and nucleus, as judged by each signal peptide. Structural comparisons revealed that AcCSP1 contains a cold shock domain (CSD), while AcCSP2 has an identical domain and an additional zinc-finger (ZF) domain at the C-terminal. A phylogenetic tree separated AcCSP1 and AcCSP2 into distinct clades, clustering with other CSP dinoflagellates. The results of qRT-PCR showed that both genes were upregulated in response to cold stress and downregulated under heat stress within 24 h. Additionally, both AcCSP genes were induced by copper exposure, whereas only AcCSP2 expression levels increased significantly under nickel stress. These results suggest the role of dinoflagellate CSPs in temperature adaptation and the involvement of additional domains in their functions.