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<p>Microalgae are increasingly recognized as promising natural sources of antioxidants due to their rapid growth, metabolic diversity, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. Their potential as sustainable biofactories for high-value antioxidant compounds offers significant advantages over terrestrial plants, particularly for industrial applications in food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and aquaculture. Despite growing interest, comprehensive reviews capturing the full diversity of antioxidant molecules produced by microalgae, especially under stress-induced conditions that often enhance antioxidant productivity, remain limited. To address this, the present review provides an integrated overview of antioxidant compounds in microalgae, encompassing well-known molecules such as carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, and vitamins, as well as underrepresented but biologically important compounds including phenolics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, mycosporine-like amino acids, and sulfated polysaccharides. Another key focus is the influence of individual and combined environmental stressors, along with cultivation strategies, on the production of specific antioxidant compounds. By offering compound-specific insights, this review highlights how controlled stress and tailored cultivation approaches can significantly enhance antioxidant production. In particular, it explores the diversity, mechanisms of action, physiological roles, cellular localization, and current production status of these compounds. Additionally, recent progress in translating microalgal antioxidant potential into industrial applications is examined. Applications across multiple sectors, including human health, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, food, animal feed, and aquaculture, are discussed, highlighting the growing relevance of microalgae in sustainable bioproduction. Overall, this review underscores the potential of microalgae as sustainable platforms for natural antioxidant production, emphasizing the role of stress-optimization strategies in enhancing yield, efficacy, and application in various industries.</p>

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Microalgae as biofactories of natural antioxidants: from stress responses to industrial applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月16日

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  • Norazira Abdu Rahman,
  • Tomoyo Katayama,
  • Mohd Effendy Abd Wahid,
  • Malinna Jusoh,
  • Fatimah Md Yusoff,
  • Kazutaka Takahashi

摘要

Microalgae are increasingly recognized as promising natural sources of antioxidants due to their rapid growth, metabolic diversity, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. Their potential as sustainable biofactories for high-value antioxidant compounds offers significant advantages over terrestrial plants, particularly for industrial applications in food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and aquaculture. Despite growing interest, comprehensive reviews capturing the full diversity of antioxidant molecules produced by microalgae, especially under stress-induced conditions that often enhance antioxidant productivity, remain limited. To address this, the present review provides an integrated overview of antioxidant compounds in microalgae, encompassing well-known molecules such as carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, and vitamins, as well as underrepresented but biologically important compounds including phenolics, polyunsaturated fatty acids, mycosporine-like amino acids, and sulfated polysaccharides. Another key focus is the influence of individual and combined environmental stressors, along with cultivation strategies, on the production of specific antioxidant compounds. By offering compound-specific insights, this review highlights how controlled stress and tailored cultivation approaches can significantly enhance antioxidant production. In particular, it explores the diversity, mechanisms of action, physiological roles, cellular localization, and current production status of these compounds. Additionally, recent progress in translating microalgal antioxidant potential into industrial applications is examined. Applications across multiple sectors, including human health, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, food, animal feed, and aquaculture, are discussed, highlighting the growing relevance of microalgae in sustainable bioproduction. Overall, this review underscores the potential of microalgae as sustainable platforms for natural antioxidant production, emphasizing the role of stress-optimization strategies in enhancing yield, efficacy, and application in various industries.