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<p>This study evaluated various extraction pathways for crude carrageenan extraction (CCAR) from <i>Mastocarpus stellatus</i> (Stackhouse) Guiry, using combinations of hydrothermal-, enzymatic- (Cellic<sup>®</sup> CTec3), and ultrasound (US)-assisted extractions. Extraction yield, purity, chemical composition, structural features, film and gel rheology were assessed to guide an integrated seaweed biorefinery design. Hydrothermal-assisted extraction yielded CCAR with a low ash content of 17% (d.w.) and an apparent molecular weight (M<sub>w</sub>) of 1087 kDa, though recovery was limited (11.1%). Enzymatic extraction (CCAR-6) achieved the highest CCAR yield (38.5% d.w.) while maintaining relatively high M<sub>w</sub> (1210 kDa). Combined enzyme-US extractions resulted in CCAR recovery up to 33.5% d.w. but with increased ash and protein contents, especially in carrageenan recovered from solid residue extracts (e.g., CCAR-7: 35.5% ash, 6.1% protein; d.w.). Gels from CCAR with low contamination and high apparent M<sub>w</sub>, tended to higher complex viscosity. Conversely, gels derived from low M<sub>w</sub> or high-ash CCARs, showed lower complex viscosity. Rheological analysis of carrageenan films with PEG600 revealed correlations between extract purity, and viscoelastic performance, although no clear effect of M<sub>w</sub> could be distiguished. Overall, the results underscore the impact of different extraction technologies on CCAR functionality and purity, as well as potential of solid residues, providing a foundation for efficient and sustainable extraction protocols in macroalgal biorefineries.</p>

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Integrated extraction, film formulation, and physicochemical comparison of crude carrageenans from Mastocarpus stellatus: Exploring enzymatic, hydrothermal, and ultrasonication pathways

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • K. L. Baltrusch,
  • M. D. Torres,
  • H. Domínguez

摘要

This study evaluated various extraction pathways for crude carrageenan extraction (CCAR) from Mastocarpus stellatus (Stackhouse) Guiry, using combinations of hydrothermal-, enzymatic- (Cellic® CTec3), and ultrasound (US)-assisted extractions. Extraction yield, purity, chemical composition, structural features, film and gel rheology were assessed to guide an integrated seaweed biorefinery design. Hydrothermal-assisted extraction yielded CCAR with a low ash content of 17% (d.w.) and an apparent molecular weight (Mw) of 1087 kDa, though recovery was limited (11.1%). Enzymatic extraction (CCAR-6) achieved the highest CCAR yield (38.5% d.w.) while maintaining relatively high Mw (1210 kDa). Combined enzyme-US extractions resulted in CCAR recovery up to 33.5% d.w. but with increased ash and protein contents, especially in carrageenan recovered from solid residue extracts (e.g., CCAR-7: 35.5% ash, 6.1% protein; d.w.). Gels from CCAR with low contamination and high apparent Mw, tended to higher complex viscosity. Conversely, gels derived from low Mw or high-ash CCARs, showed lower complex viscosity. Rheological analysis of carrageenan films with PEG600 revealed correlations between extract purity, and viscoelastic performance, although no clear effect of Mw could be distiguished. Overall, the results underscore the impact of different extraction technologies on CCAR functionality and purity, as well as potential of solid residues, providing a foundation for efficient and sustainable extraction protocols in macroalgal biorefineries.