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<p>Marble structures and monuments are prone to progressive degradation due to exposure to various environmental conditions and pollution including acid weathering. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) is a promising technique for restoring and conserving marble structures. The present study tested the photoautotrophic coccoid cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis pevalekii</i> BDHKU 35101 on restoring acid-weathered marble stones through the MICCP technique. Marble specimens were exposed to artificial acid rain solutions (Test 1 – Test 4) containing varying concentrations of sulfuric (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) and nitric (HNO<sub>3</sub>) acids for three weeks. The acid attack caused significant loss of weight on the surface (up to 4.4%), increased surface roughness, and color alteration, particularly in samples treated with higher nitric acid concentrations. The damaged marble specimens successfully restored the aesthetic properties of the marble by filling the lost carbonate granules, resulting in a regain of weight (up to 2.7%) after 21&#xa0;days when treated with <i>S</i>. <i>pevalekii</i>. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed a significant decrease in surface roughness, with the root mean square (RMS) deviation decreasing by up to 68.7% in the treated samples. The adhesion and consolidation property of the precipitated CaCO<sub>3</sub> was confirmed by sonication tests, which showed less than 0.2% weight loss. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis verified rhombohedral calcite and spherical vaterite crystals deposition on the treated marble surface. This study demonstrates that the MICCP approach effectively restores acid-weathered marble surfaces, providing a promising alternative to traditional conservation methods.</p>

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Restoration of acid-damaged marble stone surfaces through biomineralization using cyanobacterium Synechocystis pevalekii

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月13日

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  • Navneet Sidhu,
  • Shweta Goyal,
  • M. Sudhakara Reddy

摘要

Marble structures and monuments are prone to progressive degradation due to exposure to various environmental conditions and pollution including acid weathering. Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) is a promising technique for restoring and conserving marble structures. The present study tested the photoautotrophic coccoid cyanobacterium Synechocystis pevalekii BDHKU 35101 on restoring acid-weathered marble stones through the MICCP technique. Marble specimens were exposed to artificial acid rain solutions (Test 1 – Test 4) containing varying concentrations of sulfuric (H2SO4) and nitric (HNO3) acids for three weeks. The acid attack caused significant loss of weight on the surface (up to 4.4%), increased surface roughness, and color alteration, particularly in samples treated with higher nitric acid concentrations. The damaged marble specimens successfully restored the aesthetic properties of the marble by filling the lost carbonate granules, resulting in a regain of weight (up to 2.7%) after 21 days when treated with S. pevalekii. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed a significant decrease in surface roughness, with the root mean square (RMS) deviation decreasing by up to 68.7% in the treated samples. The adhesion and consolidation property of the precipitated CaCO3 was confirmed by sonication tests, which showed less than 0.2% weight loss. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis verified rhombohedral calcite and spherical vaterite crystals deposition on the treated marble surface. This study demonstrates that the MICCP approach effectively restores acid-weathered marble surfaces, providing a promising alternative to traditional conservation methods.